scholarly journals Scarcity without Leviathan: The Violent Effects of Cocaine Supply Shortages in the Mexican Drug War

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Camilo Castillo ◽  
Daniel Mejía ◽  
Pascual Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug War ◽  
Mexican Drug War ◽  
Incumbent Party

This paper asks whether scarcity increases violence in markets that lack a centralized authority. We construct a model in which, by raising prices, scarcity fosters violence. Guided by our model, we examine this effect in the Mexican cocaine trade. At a monthly frequency, scarcity created by cocaine seizures in Colombia, Mexico's main cocaine supplier, increases violence in Mexico. The effects are larger in municipalities near the United States, with multiple cartels and with strong support for PAN (the incumbent party). Between 2006 and 2009 the decline in cocaine supply from Colombia could account for 10% to 14% of the increase in violence in Mexico.

The Arts as a Polarized Issue and the Role of Political Trust in Promoting the Arts: Evidence From the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Lim Jae Young ◽  
Woo Harin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Moderating Role

The arts in the United States, for a long time received strong support from both sides of the political aisle. However, in recent years, the arts have been transformed into a partisan issue that pits conservatives against liberals. The article points to the importance of political trust as a means of helping conservatives overcome their ideological inclinations and support the arts. Scholars argue that political trust influences more strongly individuals who perceive a given policy to be one that imposes ideological risks for them compared with those without such risks. Focusing on the moderating role of political trust, the article examines whether political trust can help alleviate the conservatives’ hostility to the arts. Relying on the 2016 General Social Survey, the article finds that conservatives have no direct relationship with arts spending, but they will be more likely to support arts spending when this is contingent upon political trust.

The Institutions of Reflexivity

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Rosanvallon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
German Federal Republic ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Constitutional Thought

This chapter turns to the increasingly active role of constitutional courts. These courts have established themselves—not without reservations and challenges—as an essential vector of the push for greater reflexivity. For a long time the United States, India, and the German Federal Republic stood out as exceptions because of their traditional emphasis on judicial review. Now, however, constitutional courts of one sort or another are at the heart of democratic government everywhere. Indeed, some scholars go so far as to discern a veritable “resurrection” of constitutional thought. It is noteworthy that these new constitutional courts on the whole receive strong support from the public, as numerous comparative surveys have shown, and they count among the most legitimate of democratic institutions.

scholarly journals Antibody-Mediated Killing of Carbapenem-Resistant ST258Klebsiella pneumoniaeby Human Neutrophils

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Kobayashi ◽  
Adeline R. Porter ◽  
Brett Freedman ◽  
Ruchi Pandey ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Serum Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
The World

ABSTRACTCarbapenem-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniaeis a problem worldwide. A carbapenem-resistantK. pneumoniaelineage classified as multilocus sequence type 258 (ST258) is prominent in the health care setting in many regions of the world, including the United States. ST258 strains can be resistant to virtually all clinically useful antibiotics; treatment of infections caused by these organisms is difficult, and mortality is high. As a step toward promoting development of new therapeutics for ST258 infections, we tested the ability of rabbit antibodies specific for ST258 capsule polysaccharide to enhance human serum bactericidal activity and promote phagocytosis and killing of these bacteria by human neutrophils. We first demonstrated that an isogenicwzydeletion strain is significantly more susceptible to killing by human heparinized blood, serum, and neutrophils than a wild-type ST258 strain. Consistent with the importance of capsule as an immune evasion molecule, rabbit immune serum and purified IgG specific for ST258 capsule polysaccharide type 2 (CPS2) enhanced killing by human blood and serumin vitro. Moreover, antibodies specific for CPS2 promoted phagocytosis and killing of ST258 by human neutrophils. Collectively, our findings suggest that ST258 CPS2 is a viable target for immunoprophylactics and/or therapeutics.IMPORTANCEInfections caused by carbapenem-resistantK. pneumoniaeare difficult to treat, and mortality is high. New prophylactic approaches and/or therapeutic measures are needed to prevent or treat infections caused by these multidrug-resistant bacteria. A strain of carbapenem-resistantK. pneumoniae, classified by multilocus sequence typing as ST258, is present in many regions of the world and is the most prominent carbapenem-resistantK. pneumoniaelineage in the United States. Here we show that rabbit antibodies specific for capsule polysaccharide of ST258 significantly enhance human serum bactericidal activity and promote phagocytosis and killing of this pathogen by human neutrophils. These studies have provided strong support for the idea that development of an immunotherapy (vaccine) for carbapenem-resistantK. pneumoniaeinfections is feasible and has merit.

scholarly journals BRCA1/2 Variant Data-Sharing Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juli M. Bollinger ◽  
Abhi Sanka ◽  
Lena Dolman ◽  
Rachel G. Liao ◽  
Robert Cook-Deegan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Sharing ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
The World ◽  
Diverse Data

Accessing BRCA1/2 data facilitates the detection of disease-associated variants, which is critical to informing clinical management of risks. BRCA1/2 data sharing is complex and many practices exist. We describe current BRCA1/2 data-sharing practices, in the United States and globally, and discuss obstacles and incentives to sharing, based on 28 interviews with personnel at U.S. and non-U.S. clinical laboratories and databases. Our examination of the BRCA1/2 data-sharing landscape demonstrates strong support for and robust sharing of BRCA1/2 data around the world, increasing global accesses to diverse data sets.

What Is the Affordable Care Act a Case of? Understanding the ACA through the Comparative Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-691
Author(s):  
Holly Jarman ◽  
Scott L. Greer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Affordable Care Act ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Welfare State

Abstract International comparisons of US health care are common but mostly focus on comparing its performance to peers or asking why the United States remains so far from universal coverage. Here the authors ask how other comparative research could shed light on the unusual politics and structure of US health care and how the US experience could bring more to international conversations about health care and the welfare state. After introducing the concept of casing—asking what the Affordable Care Act (ACA) might be a case of—the authors discuss different “casings” of the ACA: complex legislation, path dependency, demos-constraining institutions, deep social cleavages, segmentalism, or the persistence of the welfare state. Each of these pictures of the ACA has strong support in the US-focused literature. Each also cases the ACA as part of a different experience shared with other countries, with different implications for how to analyze it and what we can learn from it. The final section discusses the implications for selecting cases that might shed light on the US experience and that make the United States look less exceptional and more tractable as an object of research.

scholarly journals Mass Incarceration Retards Racial Integration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Temin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Industrial Country ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
Racial Integration ◽  
War On Poverty ◽  
Drug War ◽  
New Drug

President Nixon replaced President Johnson’s War on Poverty with his War on Drugs in 1971. This new drug war was expanded by President Reagan and others to create mass incarceration. The United States currently has a higher percentage of its citizens incarcerated than any other industrial country. Although Blacks are only 13 percent of the population, they are 40 percent of the incarcerated. The literatures on the causes and effects of mass incarceration are largely distinct, and I combine them to show the effects of mass incarceration on racial integration. Racial prejudice produced mass incarceration, and mass incarceration now retards racial integration.

Drug War Capitalism and Class Conflict in the Americas

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-208
Author(s):  
Horace A. Bartilow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Drug War ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Corporate Capital

This chapter argues that the drug war is a manifestation of class conflict in Latin America and the United States. The chapter is motivated by the following questions: Under what conditions is the drug war used to repress labor unions and, in the process, increase income inequality in Latin America? What political mechanisms in the United States create linkages among drug enforcement, income inequality, poverty, mass incarceration, and corporate capital accumulation? In answering these questions, the chapter discusses the relationships among U.S. counternarcotic aid, the repression of workers’ rights, and income inequality in Latin America and the relationship between drug enforcement and income inequality in the United States. The chapter estimates data for twenty-one countries from Latin America, covering 2003 to 2012 using a time-series cross section (TSCS) statistical model and estimates data for the United States, covering 2000 to 2012 using TSCS and structural equation modeling. The statistical results show that increasing levels of counternarcotic aid to Latin American governments increases income inequality when the rights of workers are increasingly repressed. And increasing levels of drug enforcement in the United States is associated with increasing levels of income inequality, poverty, mass incarceration and corporate revenues generated from prison labor.

The Vexed Question of RDX Supply

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin F. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Explosive ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vexed Question ◽  
The U.S

In the spring of 1941, Britain began an active campaign to persuade the United States to manufacture RDX. The RAF case for RDX was presented in Washington by Air Marshal Sir Arthur “Bert” Harris. With strong support from Admiral “Spike” Blandy, chief of the U.S. Navy’s Bureau of Ordnance, the first British request was approved. The second “staggering” request for RDX came as a “bombshell.” The U.S. Army Ordnance Department authorities preferred to rely on the existing high explosive TNT.

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