scholarly journals Beauty, Job Tasks, and Wages: A New Conclusion about Employer Taste-Based Discrimination

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Stinebrickner ◽  
Todd Stinebrickner ◽  
Paul Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Wage Premium ◽  
Interpersonal Interaction ◽  
Job Tasks ◽  
Employer Discrimination ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Productive Characteristic

Using novel data from the Berea Panel Study, we show that the beauty wage premium for college graduates exists only in jobs where attractiveness is plausibly a productive characteristic. A large premium exists in jobs with substantial amounts of interpersonal interaction but not in jobs that require working with information. This finding is inconsistent with employer taste-based discrimination, which would favor attractive workers in all jobs. Unique task data address concerns that measurement error in the importance of interpersonal tasks may bias empirical work toward finding employer discrimination. Our conclusions are in stark contrast to the findings of existing research.

scholarly journals Anticipating, avoiding, and alleviating measurement error: A synthesis of the literature with practical recommendations

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Paul Zwanenburg ◽  
Israr Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Measurement Process ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Researchers’ ability to draw inferences from their empirical work hinges on the degree of measurement error. The literature in Information Systems and other behavioural disciplines describes a plethora of sources of error. While it helps researchers deal with them when taking specific steps in the measurement process, like modelling constructs, developing instruments, collecting data, and analysing data, it does not provide an overall guide to help them prevent and deal with measurement error. This paper presents a synthesis of the insights in the literature through a decomposition of the logic of measurement. It shows how researchers can classify sources of error, evaluate their impact, and refine their measurement plans, in terms of specific steps or overall measurement approaches. We hope this will aid researchers in anticipating, avoiding, and alleviating error in measurement, and in drawing valid research conclusions.

scholarly journals The Gender Wage Gap Opens Long before Motherhood. Panel Evidence on Early Careers in Switzerland

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benita Combet ◽  
Daniel Oesch
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Employer Discrimination ◽  
Household Specialization

According to a popular argument in economics, the gender wage gap persists not because of employer discrimination against women, but because of the differential investment of fathers and mothers into paid work and the household. We test this argument by comparing the evolution of wages between men and women before the onset of family formation and gendered household specialization. We use a cohort study of young adults for Switzerland (TREE 2000–2014) and match the two sexes on their intellectual ability and educational attainment before they enter the labour market. We then use the ensuing survey waves to account for human capital and job characteristics as well as for values towards work and family. We replicate our analysis with a second panel study of Swiss graduate students. We find in both cohort studies an unexplained gender wage gap of between 3 to 6 percent in favour of men. This result suggests that young women earn lower wages than young men with the same productive characteristics long before they have children. Translated into annual wages, this means that young women lose out on half a monthly wage each year in comparison to young men.

scholarly journals The Effect of Green Logistics on Economic growth, Social and Environmental Sustainability: An Empirical Study of Developing Countries in Asia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Abdul Rehman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Green Logistics

This panel study investigates the relationship between green logistics indices, economic, environmental, and social factors in the perspective of Asian emerging economies. This study adopted FMOLS and DOLS methods to test research hypothesis, catering the problem of endogenity and serial correlation. The results suggest that logistics operations, particularly LPI2 (efficiency of customs clearance processes), LPI4 (quality of logistics services) and LPI5 (trade and transport-related infrastructure), are positively and significantly correlated with per capita income, manufacturing value added and trade openness. While, greater logistics operations are negatively associated with social and environmental problems including, climate change, global warming, carbon emissions, and poisoning atmosphere. In addition, human health is badly affected by heavy smog, acid rainfall, and water pollution. The findings further extend and reveal that political instability, natural disaster and terrorism are also a primary cause of poor economic growth and environmental sustainability with poor trade and logistics infrastructure. Further, the application of renewable energy resources and green practices can mitigate negative effects on social and environmental sustainability without compromising the performance of economic growth. There is very limited empirical work presented in literature using renewable energy and green ideology to solve macro-level social and environmental problems, while this study will assist the policymakers and researchers to understand the importance of green concept in improving countries’ social, economic and environmental performance.

scholarly journals Revisiting Horizontal Stratification in Higher Education: College Prestige Hierarchy and Educational Assortative Mating in China

Demography ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Acton Jiashi Feng
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Chinese Higher Education ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Educational Assortative Mating ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Multiplicative Models

Abstract Existing research on assortative mating has examined marriage between people with different levels of education, yet heterogeneity in educational assortative mating outcomes of college graduates has been mostly ignored. Using data from the 2010 Chinese Family Panel Study and log-multiplicative models, this study examines the changing structure and association of husbands' and wives' educational attainment between 1980 and 2010, a period in which Chinese higher education experienced rapid expansion and stratification. Results show that the graduates of first-tier institutions are less likely than graduates of lower-ranked colleges to marry someone without a college degree. Moreover, from 1980 to 2010, female first-tier-college graduates were increasingly more likely to marry people who graduated from similarly prestigious colleges, although there is insufficient evidence to draw the same conclusion about their male counterparts. This study thus demonstrates the extent of heterogeneity in educational assortative mating patterns among college graduates and the tendency for elite college graduates to marry within the educational elite.

scholarly journals Job Tasks and the Gender Wage Gap among College Graduates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Stinebrickner ◽  
Ralph Stinebrickner ◽  
Paul Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
College Graduates ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Job Tasks

Marrying Within the Alma Mater: Understanding the Role of Same-University Marriages in Educational Homogamy

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-272
Author(s):  
Karly Sarita Ford
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
Elective Affinities ◽  
Rich Data

Most prior work on educational homogamy does not distinguish between college attendees who marry someone who attended the same university (same-university marriages) and those who marry someone who attended a different university (different-university marriages). This article estimates the prevalence of partnering between individuals who attended the same university in the United States. Using rich data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), this study finds that, among college graduates who marry other college graduates, about one third have same-university spouses. As higher education has massified and feminized, rates of same-university marriages have changed very little between 1973 and 2013. By distinguishing between same-university and different-university marriages, this article highlights the role that universities, as organizational settings, play in structuring elective affinities – Pierre Bourdieu’s term for the class-based shared experiences and tastes that form the basis of social and romantic ties. Educational homogamy contributes to social stratification by consolidating the educational and social advantages of the individuals and same-university marriages make up a significant portion of these partnerships.

Clinical Update: Functional Capacity Evaluations and Disability

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Glenn Pransky
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Functional Capacity Evaluation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Validity Of Results ◽  
Job Tasks ◽  
Capacity Evaluation ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract According to the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, a functional capacity evaluation (FCE) measures an individual's physical abilities via a set of activities in a structured setting and provides objective data about the relationship between an impairment and maximal ability to perform work activities. A key distinction between FCEs and self-reported activities of daily living is that the former involve direct observation by professional evaluators. Numerous devices can quantify the physical function of a specific part of the musculoskeletal system but do not address the performance of whole body tasks in the workplace, and these devices have not been shown to predict accurately the ability to perform all but the simplest job tasks. Information about reliability has been proposed as a way to identify magnification and malingering, but variability due to pain and poor comprehension of instructions may cause variations in assessments. Structured work capacity evaluations involve a set of activities but likely underestimate the individual's ability to do jobs that involve complex or varying activities. Job simulations involve direct observation of an individual performing actual job tasks, require a skilled and experienced evaluator, and raise questions about expense, time, objectivity and validity of results, and interpretation of results in terms of the ability to perform specific jobs. To understand the barriers to return to work, examiners must supplement FCEs with information regarding workplace environment, accommodations, and demotivators.

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