scholarly journals R&D Networks: Theory, Empirics, and Policy Implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. König ◽  
Xiaodong Liu ◽  
Yves Zenou
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Alliance Networks ◽  
Subsidy Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Welfare

We analyze a model of R&D alliance networks where firms are engaged in R&D collaborations that lower their production costs while competing on the product market. We provide a complete characterization of the Nash equilibrium and determine the optimal R&D subsidy program that maximizes total welfare. We then structurally estimate this model using a unique panel of R&D collaborations and annual company reports. We use our estimates to study the impact of targeted versus nondiscriminatory R&D subsidy policies and empirically rank firms according to the welfare-maximizing subsidies they should receive.

scholarly journals R&D Activities in Oligopoly and Social Welfare

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Prokop ◽  
Bartłomiej Wiśnicki
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Cournot Competition ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Firm Competition ◽  
Research Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Welfare

Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of R&D activities in an oligopoly on consumer surplus and social welfare. We use a two-stage model to analyze the behavior of duopolists at the research level, and in the final-product market, under the assumption of linear and quadratic cost functions. Three options for firm competition are considered: 1) Cournot competition at both stages; 2) cooperation at the R&D stage and Cournot competition in the final-product market; and 3) cooperation at both stages. Numerical simulations for various levels of R&D spillovers are conducted to analyze the welfare effects of firm decisions. We conclude that for high levels of technological spillovers, total welfare is highest when firms engage in cooperation at the R&D stage, and compete in the final product market, independent of the shape of cost functions. However, the functional form of production costs has a qualitative impact on welfare when firms fully compete.

scholarly journals Green Innovation and Competition: R&D Incentives in a Circular Economy

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Giovanna Bimonte ◽  
Maria Grazia Romano ◽  
Maria Russolillo
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cournot Model ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Rival Firms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
D Investment ◽  
Disposal Cost

The present paper provides theoretical insights regarding the determinants of firms’ incentives to invest in a Circular Economy. The analysis relies on a Cournot model disaggregating the disposal cost in the production function. In a non-simultaneous sequential game, two risk-neutral firms are endowed with a green innovation project that, if successful, would reduce the overall production costs and implement a Circular Economy. Firms are plagued by asymmetric information about the exact value of the other firm’s innovation. In this setting, the R&D investment in a Circular Economy, by affecting the distribution of production and disposal costs, influences the production decisions of both the innovating and the rival firms. The sign of the impact depends on the firms’ strategy in the product market. Furthermore, the analysis points out that cooperation in R&D of firms competing in the product market reinforces incentives to invest in green innovation. This suggests that governments aimed to advance a Circular Economy should encourage firms’ cooperation.

scholarly journals Studies of Non-Proportionality in Alkali Halide and Strontium Iodide Scintillators Using SLYNCI

2009 ◽  
Vol 1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Ahle ◽  
Gregory Bizarri ◽  
Nerine Cherepy ◽  
Woon-Seng Choong ◽  
William W. Moses ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Alkali Halide ◽  
Light Yield ◽  
Alkali Halides ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Europium Doping ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

AbstractRecently a collaboration of LLNL and LBNL has constructed a second generation Compton coincidence instrument to study the non-proportionality of scintillators [1]. This device, known as SLYNCI (Scintillator Light-Yield Non-proportionality Characterization Instrument), has an over 30 time higher data collection rate than previous devices enabling complete characterization of a sample with less 24 hours of running time. Thus, SLYNCI enables a number of systematic studies of scintillators as many samples can be processed in a reasonable length of time. The studies include difference in non-proportionality between different types of scintillators, different members of the same family of scintillators, and impact of different doping levels. The results of such recent studies are presented here, including a study on of various alkali halides, and the impact of europium doping level in strontium iodide. Directions of future work will also be discussed.

Experimental Characterization of Mechanical Behavior of Cord-Rubber Composites

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kumar ◽  
C. W. Bert
Keyword(s):  
Response Characteristic ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Data

Abstract Unidirectional cord-rubber specimens in the form of tensile coupons and sandwich beams were used. Using specimens with the cords oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the loading direction and appropriate data reduction, we were able to obtain complete characterization for the in-plane stress-strain response of single-ply, unidirectional cord-rubber composites. All strains were measured by means of liquid mercury strain gages, for which the nonlinear strain response characteristic was obtained by calibration. Stress-strain data were obtained for the cases of both cord tension and cord compression. Materials investigated were aramid-rubber, polyester-rubber, and steel-rubber.

The Analyses of Learning Strategies in English as a Second Language: Theoretical Classification and Measurement Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Asti Gumartifa ◽  
◽  
Indah Windra Dwie Agustiani
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
English Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
The Impact

Gaining English language learning effectively has been discussed all years long. Similarly, Learners have various troubles outcomes in the learning process. Creating a joyful and comfortable situation must be considered by learners. Thus, the implementation of effective learning strategies is certainly necessary for English learners. This descriptive study has two purposes: first, to introduce the classification and characterization of learning strategies such as; memory, cognitive, metacognitive, compensation, social, and affective strategies that are used by learners in the classroom and second, it provides some questionnaires item based on Strategy of Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) version 5.0 that can be used to examine the frequency of students’ learning strategies in the learning process. The summary of this study explains and discusses the researchers’ point of view on the impact of learning outcomes by learning strategies used. Finally, utilizing appropriate learning strategies are certainly beneficial for both teachers and learners to achieve the learning target effectively.

Characterization of CMOS Structures (0.6 µm process) Submitted to HBM and COM ESD Stress Tests

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Meneghesso ◽  
E. Zanoni ◽  
P. Colombo ◽  
M. Brambilla ◽  
R. Annunziata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrostatic Discharge ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Emission Microscopy ◽  
Fast Rise ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract In this work, we present new results concerning electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness of 0.6 μm CMOS structures. Devices have been tested according to both HBM and socketed CDM (sCDM) ESD test procedures. Test structures have been submitted to a complete characterization consisting in: 1) measurement of the tum-on time of the protection structures submitted to pulses with very fast rise times; 2) ESD stress test with the HBM and sCDM models; 3) failure analysis based on emission microscopy (EMMI) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

The Impact of Plant Protection Systems on the Productivity of Soybean Varieties under Irrigated Conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-117
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
The South ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Chemical Protection ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
The Impact

The application of preparations of biological origin in the protection system of soybean grown under conditions of intensive irrigated crop rotations conforms to the modern tendencies of science and production development. The use of them contributes to solving ecological, production and social-economic problems. The study presents the three-year research on the efficiency of systems protecting soybean from pests and diseases based on biological and chemical preparations. The research was conducted in typical soil and climate conditions of the South of Ukraine. Zonal agricultural methods and generally accepted research methodology were used. The purpose of the research was to create a soybean protection system based on preparations of biological origin, ensuring high productivity of high-quality products reducing a negative impact of the crop production on the environment. The study emphasizes that, under irrigated conditions of the South of Ukraine, the application of biological preparations has a positive impact on the indexes of growth, development and formation of the elements of soybean yield structure. There was an increase in the crop biological weight by 13.8 % and 22.1 % and the number of seeds per plant rose by 11.6 and 14.6 % as a consequence of eliminating harmful organisms with the plant protection systems. The larger ground mass was formed by medium-ripe varieties Danai and Svyatogor, on which the increase from protection measures was higher. Weight 1000 pcs. the seeds did not undergo significant changes. It is established that the larger seeds were formed by Danaya and Svyatogor varieties, in which the average weight is 1000 pcs. seeds were 142 and 136 g, respectively, while in the variety Diona this figure was 133 g. There was an increase in the height of the lowest pod when the total plant height rose. For medium-ripe varieties was characterized by a higher attachment of beans, where the highest values of this indicator acquired in the variety Svyatogor. The medium maturing soybean variety Danaia formed the maximum yield of 3.23 and 3.35 t/ha respectively, when biological and chemical protection systems were applied. The research establishes that the application of the bio-fungicide Psevdobakterin 2 (2.0 l/ha) in the crop protection system at the beginning of soybean flowering and the bio-fungicide Baktofit (2.5 l/ha) with the bio-insecticide Lepidotsid-BTU (10.0 l/ha) at the beginning of pod formation does not reduce the productivity of the soybean varieties under study considerably, when compared to the application of chemical preparations. The research determines that the soybean protection system under study ensures a decrease in the coefficient of soybean water uptake by 7.2-13.0 %, increasing the total water intake to an inconsiderable degree. Biologization of the soybean crop protection system leads to a reduction in production costs compared to the chemical protection system. Taking into account the needs for the collection of additional products, costs increase by an average of 1 thousand UAH/ha, while for chemical protection systems by 1.8 thousand UAH/ha. At the same time, the cost is reduced by 220-360 UAH/t and the profitability of growing crops is increased by 3.8-7.8 %. There has been a reduction in the burden of pesticides on the environment and the production of cleaner products. This indicates the prospect of using the biofungicides Pseudobacterin 2 and Bactophyte and the bioinsecticide Lepidocid-BTU on soybeans to protect plants from pests.

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