On Raising out of Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juvénal Ndayiragije
Keyword(s):  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Obligatory Control ◽  
New Evidence

Hornstein (1999) put forward two thought-provoking ideas that generated a stimulating debate on control: (a) A-movement out of CP complements of control verbs is a design feature of Universal Grammar as first suggested by Kuno (1976) , and (b) obligatory control (OC) is an instance of A-movement. This article presents new evidence from Kirundi (Bantu) that supports (a) but defies (b), a paradox that is only apparent. Four sets of facts are discussed: antilocality in promise-constructions, control obviation in inverse OC constructions, passivization in transitive expletive OC constructions, and OC in long-distance inversion constructions. These facts are shown to challenge the movement account of OC while supporting (a) and the PRO-based account.

scholarly journals New evidence of arsenic translocation and accumulation in Pteris vittata from real-time imaging using positron-emitting 74As tracer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Huang-Takeshi Kohda ◽  
Zhaojie Qian ◽  
Mei-Fang Chien ◽  
Keisuke Miyauchi ◽  
Ginro Endo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging System ◽  
Pteris Vittata ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Hydroponic Cultivation ◽  
Tracer Imaging ◽  
Serial Images ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Hyperaccumulator Plant

AbstractPteris vittata is an arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator plant that accumulates a large amount of As into fronds and rhizomes (around 16,000 mg/kg in both after 16 weeks hydroponic cultivation with 30 mg/L arsenate). However, the sequence of long-distance transport of As in this hyperaccumulator plant is unclear. In this study, we used a positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS) for the first time to obtain noninvasive serial images of As behavior in living plants with positron-emitting 74As-labeled tracer. We found that As kept accumulating in rhizomes as in fronds of P. vittata, whereas As was retained in roots of a non-accumulator plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Autoradiograph results of As distribution in P. vittata showed that with low As exposure, As was predominantly accumulated in young fronds and the midrib and rachis of mature fronds. Under high As exposure, As accumulation shifted from young fronds to mature fronds, especially in the margin of pinna, which resulted in necrotic symptoms, turning the marginal color to gray and then brown. Our results indicated that the function of rhizomes in P. vittata was As accumulation and the regulation of As translocation to the mature fronds to protect the young fronds under high As exposure.

The Style of Blugzeimat and the “Masks” of the Prehistoric Rock Art of the Western Sahara: New Evidence for Long-Distance Contacts

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-626
Author(s):  
Helena Ventura ◽  
Joaquim Soler ◽  
Narcís Soler ◽  
Carles Serra
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
New Evidence

scholarly journals Connectivity and network state-dependent recruitment of long-range VIP-GABAergic neurons in the mouse hippocampus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruggiero Francavilla ◽  
Vincent Villette ◽  
Xiao Luo ◽  
Simon Chamberland ◽  
Einer Muñoz-Pino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Mouse Hippocampus ◽  
Ca1 Area ◽  
New Evidence

AbstractGABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus provide for local and long-distance coordination of neurons in functionally connected areas. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP+) interneurons occupy a distinct niche in circuitry as many of them specialize in innervating GABAergic cells, thus providing network disinhibition. In the CA1 hippocampus, VIP+ interneuron-selective cells target local interneurons. Here, we discovered a novel type of VIP+ neuron whose axon innervates CA1 and also projects to the subiculum (VIP-LRPs). VIP-LRPs showed specific molecular properties and targeted interneurons within the CA1 area but both interneurons and pyramidal cells within subiculum. They were interconnected through gap junctions but demonstrated sparse spike coupling in vitro. In awake mice, VIP-LRPs decreased their activity during theta-run epochs and were more active during quiet wakefulness but not coupled to sharp-wave ripples. Together, the data provide new evidence for VIP interneuron molecular diversity and functional specialization in controlling cell ensembles along the hippocampo-subicular axis.

New evidence for long-distance fluid migration within the Earth's crust

1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Person ◽  
L. Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Fluid Migration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
New Evidence

Acquisition of the Japanese reflexive zibun and movement of anaphors in Logical Form

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learners ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Subject Pool ◽  
Crosslinguistic Variation

Several recent accounts of crosslinguistic variation in the properties of anaphors have rejected Manzini and Wexler's (1987) parameterized binding principles. Pica (1987), Battistella (1989), Cole et al. (1990) and Katada (1991), among others, claim that anaphors move in Logical Form (LF) such that 'long-distance' binding can be reduced to a series of local relationships. This article looks at research on adult second language learning in the light of the proposal that reflexives move in LF. A first approach to the issue reanalyses data from earlier research on the acquisition of the Japanese long-distance anaphor zibun, research conducted under the assumption that the binding principles are parameterized. Secondly, a new study of 58 adult learners of Japanese is presented, showing that learners' knowledge of zibun at a high-proficiency level is largely consistent with a key prediction of the movement in LF approach. Although relatively few high-proficiency learners in the subject pool seem to have arrived at the full native-speaker grammar of zibun, there is little evidence that the grammars they construct violate principles of Universal Grammar. On the other hand, data from lower-proficiency learners are less readily accounted for from the perspective of movement in LF.

scholarly journals Obligatory and Non-Obligatory Control in Irish and Polish

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Anna Bondaruk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Partial Control ◽  
Obligatory Control ◽  
De Se ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
The One ◽  
Aspectual Verbs ◽  
Strict Reading

This paper aims at establishing a typology of control in Irish and Polish non-finite clauses. First, seven classes of predicates taking non-finite complements in Irish and Polish are specified. They include: modal (e.g. must), aspectual (e.g. start), implicative (e.g. manage), factive (e.g. like), prepositional (e.g. say), desiderative (e.g. want) and interrogative verbs (e.g. ask). Whereas modals and aspectuals typically take raising complements, the remaining predicate classes require control complements. Control clauses in Polish always have a covert PRO subject, while in Irish their subject may be either the covert PRO or an overt DP. The PRO subject may be either obligatorily controlled or is controlled optionally. The criteria adopted in distinguishing obligatory control (OC) from non-obligatory control (NOC) are based on Landau (2000) and comprise the following: (1) a. Arbitrary Control is impossible in OC, possible in NOC; b. Long-distance control is impossible in OC, possible in NOC; c. Strict reading of PRO is impossible in OC, possible in NOC; d. De re reading of PRO is impossible in OC (only de se), possible in NOC. The validity of these criteria for establishing the OC/NOC contrast in Irish and Polish is scrutinised. Various contexts are examined where both these control types obtain in the two languages studied. Most notably, OC tends to occur in complement clauses, while NOC is often found in subject and adjunct clauses both in Irish and Polish. Within the class of OC, two subgroups are recognised, namely exhaustive control (EC) and partial control (PC). The former control type holds when the reference of PRO and its antecedent are identical, whereas the latter type of control is attested when the reference of PRO covers the reference of its antecedent, but is not entirely co-extensive with it, e.g.: (2) a. Maryᵢ managed [PROᵢ to win] = EC; b. Maryᵢ wanted [PRO + to meet at 6] = PC. EC and PC are found in analogous contexts in Irish and Polish. EC occurs in complements to modal, implicative and aspectual verbs, while PC is limited to complements to factive, desiderative, prepositional and interrogative predicates. It is argued that EC-complements lack independent tense specification, while PC-complements are marked for tense independent from the one expressed in the matrix clause. PC-complements both in Irish and Polish must contain a semantically plural predicate (cf. meet in (2b)), but they can never exhibit a syntactically plural element.

Scrambling and Control

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Takano
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance ◽  
Variable Binding ◽  
Obligatory Control ◽  
Finite Clause ◽  
And Control

This article argues for two points: that scrambling out of a control clause patterns with scrambling out of a finite clause and that obligatory control is derived by movement of the controller. The argument is based on hitherto unnoticed facts about binding effects with scrambling out of a control clause in Japanese. It is proposed that those facts can only be accounted for by looking at an interaction of long-distance scrambling and movement of the controller. It is also shown that the proposal has important consequences for the nature of scrambling, pronominal variable binding, and subject control.

scholarly journals Long-distance connections in the Copper Age: New evidence from the Alpine Iceman’s copper axe

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. e0179263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Artioli ◽  
Ivana Angelini ◽  
Günther Kaufmann ◽  
Caterina Canovaro ◽  
Gregorio Dal Sasso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Age ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
New Evidence

Against underdetermined reflexive binding

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
First Language ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
L2 Learners

Reflexive binding has for a decade now been a fruitful area of inquiry for researchers seeking to establish that adult second language (L2) learners have access to Universal Grammar (UG), in this case access to the binding conditions. For example, it has been claimed that some L2 learners of English allow English reflexives to be bound by long-distance (LD) antecedents even when such LD binding is underdetermined for these learners with respect to their first language grammar(s) and the L2 input. I present four major reasons why the data underlying this claim do not support UG access. First, there are theoretical and empirical difficulties with the Agr(eement)-based account of reflexive binding assumed by these researchers that undercut the argument for UG access from these studies. Secondly, underdetermination fails to obtain in principle due to the possibility of semantically-based logophoric binding in the relevant languages. Thirdly, there are theoretical and empirical reasons to call into question the assumption (necessary to a UG-access account) that L2 learners mistook polymorphemic English reflexives for monomorphemic reflexives. Finally, there are several methodological factors which likely inflated the rate of LD binding in many of the relevant studies, again undercutting the argument for UG access from putative underdetermination.

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