Art Exists Because the Viewer Exists: How François Morellet's Tri-ple X Neonly Influences Postural Control and Subjective Aesthetic Appreciation

Leonardo ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Lindsey M Ward ◽  
Aurélien Morize ◽  
Marine Vernet ◽  
Chrystalina Antoniades ◽  
Zoï Kapoula
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Apparent Movement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Aesthetic Appreciation ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Eyes Open

Abstract We studied the effects of viewing François Morellet's Triple X Neonly (2012) on postural control and subjective appreciation. Triple X consists of 6 neon tubes arranged in a corner into a triple X pattern. Twenty-one participants were asked to view it with only one eye open (monocularly) and with both eyes open (binocularly). Their average forward-backward (anteroposterior) body sway root mean square (rms) velocity was significantly greater viewing it monocularly than binocularly. There were also large differences between subjects during monocular viewing for three of the six measured postural parameters (rms side-to-side (mediolateral) velocity, rms side-to-side displace-ment, and rms normalized area of the movement of the locus of centre of gravity). The participants showed very diverse subjective reactions to the artwork, yet their comments mainly concerned its apparent movement and depth. We conclude that binocular viewing allows the viewer more easily to appreciate the proximity of the central X, thus requiring less energy to keep the body stable. This study confirms the artist's success in involving viewers actively in their aesthetic experience: through their eye and body movements, the work engages them to actively contribute to the work itself.

Effects of hypothermic anesthesia of the feet on vibration-induced body sway and adaptation

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Stål ◽  
P.A. Fransson ◽  
M. Magnusson ◽  
M. Karlberg
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors ◽  
Supporting Surface ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Somatosensory Input ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Sensor Information ◽  
Ice Water

The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of information from the plantar cutaneous mechanoreceptors in postural control and whether postural control could compensate for reduced cutaneous information by adaptation. Sixteen healthy subjects were tested with eyes open or eyes closed with hypothermic and normal feet temperature during posturography where body sway was induced by vibratory proprioceptive stimulation towards both calf muscles. The hypothermic anesthesia was obtained by cooling the subject's feet in ice water for 20 minutes. Body movements were evaluated by analyzing the anteroposterior and lateral torques induced towards the supporting surface by a force platform during the posturography tests. The reduction of cutaneous sensor information from the mechanoreceptors of the feet significantly increased the vibration-induced torque variance mainly in the anteroposterior direction. However, the effects of disturbed mechanoreceptors information was rapidly compensated for through postural adaptation and torque variance was in level with that without anesthesia within 50 to 100 seconds of stimulation, both when standing with eyes open and eyes closed. Our findings suggest that somatosensory input from mechanoreceptors in the foot soles contribute significantly in maintaining postural control, but the sensory loss could be compensated for.

Prolonged Standing Task Affects Adaptability of Postural Control in People With Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Gabriel Felipe Moretto ◽  
Felipe Balistieri Santinelli ◽  
Tiago Penedo ◽  
Luis Mochizuki ◽  
Natalia Madalena Rinaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Control System ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Postural Control System ◽  
Prolonged Standing

Background Studies on short-term upright quiet standing tasks have presented contradictory findings about postural control in people with Parkinson’s disease (pwPD). Prolonged trial durations might better depict body sway and discriminate pwPD and controls. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate postural control in pwPD during a prolonged standing task. Methods A total of 26 pwPD and 25 neurologically healthy individuals performed 3 quiet standing trials (60 s) before completing a constrained prolonged standing task for 15 minutes. Motion capture was used to record body sway (Vicon, 100 Hz). To investigate the body sway behavior during the 15 minutes of standing, the analysis was divided into three 5-minute-long phases: early, middle, and late. The following body sway parameters were calculated for the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions: velocity, root-mean-square, and detrended fluctuations analysis (DFA). The body sway area was also calculated. Two-way ANOVAs (group and phases) and 1-way ANOVA (group) were used to compare these parameters for the prolonged standing and quiet standing, respectively. Results pwPD presented smaller sway area ( P < .001), less complexity (DFA; AP: P < .009; ML: P < .01), and faster velocity (AP: P < .002; ML: P < .001) of body sway compared with the control group during the prolonged standing task. Although the groups swayed similarly (no difference for sway area) during quiet standing, they presented differences in sway area during the prolonged standing task ( P < .001). Conclusions Prolonged standing task reduced adaptability of the postural control system in pwPD. In addition, the prolonged standing task may better analyze the adaptability of the postural control system in pwPD.

scholarly journals The Effects of Stochastic Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation on Body Sway and Muscle Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiyoshi Matsugi ◽  
Kosuke Oku ◽  
Nobuhiko Mori
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Significant Increment

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether galvanic vestibular stimulation with stochastic noise (nGVS) modulates the body sway and muscle activity of the lower limbs, depending on visual and somatosensory information from the foot using rubber-foam.Methods: Seventeen healthy young adults participated in the study. Each subject maintained an upright standing position on a force plate with/without rubber-foam, with their eyes open/closed, to measure the position of their foot center of pressure. Thirty minutes after baseline measurements under four possible conditions (eyes open/closed with/without rubber-foam) performed without nGVS (intensity: 1 mA, duration: 40 s), the stimulation trials (sham-nGVS/real-nGVS) were conducted under the same conditions in random order, which were then repeated a week or more later. The total center of pressure (COP) path length movement (COP-TL) and COP movement velocity in the mediolateral (Vel-ML) and anteroposterior (Vel-AP) directions were recorded for 30 s during nGVS. Furthermore, electromyography activity of the right tibial anterior muscle and soleus muscle was recorded for the same time and analyzed.Results: Three-way analysis of variance and post-hoc multiple comparison revealed a significant increment in COP-related parameters by nGVS, and a significant increment in soleus muscle activity on rubber. There was no significant effect of eye condition on any parameter.Conclusions: During nGVS (1 mA), body sway and muscle activity in the lower limb may be increased depending not on the visual condition, but on the foot somatosensory condition.

scholarly journals Standard reference values of the postural control in healthy young female adults in Germany: an observational study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e026833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ohlendorf ◽  
Charlotte Doerry ◽  
Vanessa Fisch ◽  
Sebastian Schamberger ◽  
Christina Erbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
Average Body

ObjectiveMany people of all ages suffer from vertigo due to different reasons. The comparison of patient data with standard values can highlight deteriorations or changes in postural control and thus indicate, for example, an increased risk of falling. Our aim is to measure standard values for the postural control of young healthy women.DesignObservational study.SettingInstitute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main.Participants106 healthy German female subjects aged between 21 and 30 years (25±2.7 years) were measured. Their average body mass index (BMI) was 21.1±2.61 kg/m².Outcome measuresA pressure measuring platform was used to measure the weight distribution and postural sway in habitual standing. Median, tolerance range and CI were calculated.ResultsHeight, weight and BMI are comparable to the average young German female population. The load distribution between right and left foot was 49.91%:50.09%. The forefoot was less loaded than the rear foot (33.3%:66.67%). The right rear foot carried most of the body weight (34.34%). The average body sway was 9.50 mm in the frontal and 13.00 mm in the sagittal plane.ConclusionsStandard values for the postural control of the women aged 21–30 years correlate with the already collected data of healthy subjects and can therefore be described as representative. The standard values enable diagnosing and treating impaired balance.

scholarly journals Laterality of Stance during Optic Flow Stimulation in Male and Female Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Persiani ◽  
Alessandro Piras ◽  
Salvatore Squatrito ◽  
Milena Raffi
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Flow Stimulation ◽  
The Right

During self-motion, the spatial and temporal properties of the optic flow input directly influence the body sway. Men and women have anatomical and biomechanical differences that influence the postural control during visual stimulation. Given that recent findings suggest a peculiar role of each leg in the postural control of the two genders, we investigated whether the body sway during optic flow perturbances is lateralized and whether anteroposterior and mediolateral components of specific center of pressure (COP) parameters of the right and left legs differ, reexamining a previous experiment (Raffi et al. (2014)) performed with two, side-by-side, force plates. Experiments were performed on 24 right-handed and right-footed young subjects. We analyzed five measures related to the COP of each foot and global data: anteroposterior and mediolateral range of oscillation, anteroposterior and mediolateral COP velocity, and sway area. Results showed that men consistently had larger COP parameters than women. The values of the COP parameters were correlated between the two feet only in the mediolateral axis of women. These findings suggest that optic flow stimulation causes asymmetry in postural balance and different lateralization of postural controls in men and women.

scholarly journals The Effects of Leg Preference on Transient Characteristics of Body Sway During Single-Leg Stance: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Žiga Kozinc ◽  
Nejc Šarabon
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Transient Characteristics ◽  
Velocity Amplitude ◽  
Additional Information

Instrumented assessments of quiet-stance postural control typically involve recording and analyzing of body sway signal, most often the center of pressure (CoP) movement. It has been recently suggested that transient characteristics of body sway may offer additional information regarding postural control. In this study, we explored the relationship between whole-trial estimates of body sway (CoP velocity, amplitude, and frequency) and corresponding transient behavior indexes, as well as the effects of leg preference. A total of 705 healthy young athletes performed 30 s single-leg body sway trials for both legs. It was found that the transient characteristics of the body sway (expressed as relative differences between individual time intervals within the trial) are in negligible or weak correlation (r ≤ 0.26) with the corresponding variables, averaged across the whole trial. All CoP variables showed transient characteristics, reflected in statistically significant decrease (CoP velocity and amplitude) or increase (CoP frequency) throughout the trial. The preferred leg showed smaller body sway; however, the effect sizes were very small. Moreover, differences between the legs were also noted in terms of transient characteristics of body sway. In particular, the preferred leg showed earlier reduction in anterior–posterior body sway and larger reduction in medial–lateral body sway. Further studies should focus on examining the clinical utility of indexes of transient behavior of body sway, for instance, their sensitivity to aging-related changes and risk of falling.

Postural Control Reduced by Subanesthetic Nitrous Oxide Narcosis

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Serge Padoan ◽  
Per Anders Fransson ◽  
Mans Magnusson ◽  
Rolf Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Sensorimotor Integration ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Visual Clues

The effects of subanesthetic (21%) nitrous oxide (N2O) narcosis on postural control, as measured by posturography were studied in 12 subjects. Vibration induced body sway, with open and closed eyes, and body sway induced by a visual stimulus were evaluated. Adaptation was measured as the quotient of body sway variance between the second and first halves of each trial. Change in postural strategy was evaluated as change in the variance of shear forces relative to change in body sway. Subjective evaluation of narcosis was recorded. Body sway variance increased significantly during exposure to N2O, and equally for all body sway inducing stimuli. With tbe eyes open, adaptation to vibratory perturbation was significantly reduced by N2O. Postural strategy was unaffected by N2O, but differed significantly between stimuli, with relatively less involvement of shear forces during vibratory perturbation in the eyes open condition than during the other body sway inducing stimuli. Subjective evaluation of narcosis correlated with body sway variance during the visual stimulus. The present findings indicate that subanesthetic N2O narcosis reduces postural control. Adaptation to a balance disturbing stimulus, with undisturbed vision, is decreased by N2O. Visual clues are shown to be crucial to the postural strategy adopted to maintain balance. The effects of N2O are assumed to be due to impairment of sensorimotor integration in the CNS.

scholarly journals Baseline Postural Control and Lower Extremity Injury Incidence Among Those With a History of Concussion

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Nicholas Murray ◽  
Emily Belson ◽  
Brian Szekely ◽  
Arthur Islas ◽  
Daniel Cipriani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Complexity Index ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
History Of

Context Lower extremity musculoskeletal (LEMSK) injury may be more prevalent among those with a history of sport-related concussion (SRC). Objective To investigate the relationship between baseline postural control metrics and the LEMSK injury incidence in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes with a history of SRC. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes. Design Cohort study. Patients or Other Participants Of 84 total athletes (62 males), 42 had been previously diagnosed with an SRC, and 42 were matched controls based on age, sex, height, weight, and sport. Main Outcome Measure(s) During the preseason baseline evaluation, all participants performed 3 trials of eyes-open and eyes-closed upright quiet stance on a force platform. Medical charts were assessed for all the LEMSK injuries that occurred from preseason baseline to 1 year later. Center-of-pressure data in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions were filtered before we calculated root mean square and mean excursion velocity; the complexity index was calculated from the unfiltered data. Factorial analysis-of-variance models were used to examine differences between groups and across conditions for root mean square; mean excursion velocity, complexity index, and tests of association to examine between-groups LEMSK differences; and logistic regression models to predict LEMSK. Results Concussion history and injury incidence were related in the SRC group (P = .043). The complexity index of the SRC group was lower with eyes closed (14.08 ± 0.63 versus 15.93 ± 0.52) and eyes open (10.25 ± 0.52 vs 11.80 ± 0.57) in the mediolateral direction than for the control participants (P &lt; .05). Eyes-open root mean square in the mediolateral direction was greater for the SRC group (5.00 ± 0.28 mm) than the control group (4.10 ± 0.22 mm). Logistic regression models significantly predicted LEMSK only in control participants. Conclusions These findings may suggest that LEMSK after SRC cannot be predicted from postural-control metrics at baseline.

scholarly journals The effect of age, sex and a firm-textured surface on postural control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Palazzo ◽  
Alessandra Nardi ◽  
Niloofar Lamouchideli ◽  
Alfio Caronti ◽  
Anas Alashram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Textured Surface ◽  
Textured Surfaces ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Eyes Open

AbstractIn previous studies, the influence of plantar sensation has been examined using various textured surfaces with different stiffness materials to assess static balance. This study investigated the effects of a Firm Textured Surface (FTS) along with age and sex-related influences on postural control under different visual conditions. Forty subjects (20 elderly, 10 males, mean age 68.30, 10 females, mean age 68.00, and 20 young people, 10 males, mean age 25.45, 10 females, mean age 27.30) participated in this study maintained a quiet standing on FTS, foam and firm surfaces with eyes open and closed. The center of pressure displacement (CoPDISP), CoP velocity (CoPVEL), and sway velocity of the CoP in anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) direction (VA/P and VM/L) were measured. FTS was associated with lower postural sway measures in both the groups with eyes open and closed. However, the foam surface showed the worst results in all postural parameters under all experimental conditions. Separate four-way ANOVAs were applied to each dependent variable. The main effects of surface (p < 0.0001), vision (p < 0.0001) and age (p < 0.0001 for CoPDISP, CoPVEL and VA/P; p = 0.0003 for VM/L) were significant in each of the four fitted models. Sex was never significant, either as a main effect or an interaction with other experimental factors. Eyes open were able to reduce the negative effects of the foam surfaces but without vision the proprioceptive sensory system cues of the body state become more important for maintaining balance. A good stimulation with rigid texture should be considered as relief to reduce the physiological-related decline of afferent information with age.

scholarly journals An observational study of balance and proprioception function in patients with spinocerebellar ataxias type 3

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia-Hua Liu ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Hao-Ling Xu ◽  
Arif Sikandar ◽  
Wei-Hong Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxias ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Type 3

Abstract BackgroundPostural instability is one of the most disabling features of spinocerebellar ataxias type 3 (SCA3) and often leads to falls that reduce mobility and functional capacity. This study aimed to quantitatively analyse static and dynamic balance and proprioception function on postural control in patients with SCA3 using the Pro-kin system and optimise rehabilitation programmes for them.MethodsEight-one clinically diagnosed SCA3 patients (38 women, 43 men; aged 39.00 ± 9.66) and 62 healthy controls were studied and evaluated using the Pro-kin system (PK254P, Tecnobody S.r.l, Dalmine, Italy). The measurements included (1) a static balance test in two visual feedback conditions: eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC); (2) a dynamic balance test measuring limits of stability (LOS); and (3) a proprioception function test to obtain proprioceptive measurements on a multiaxial balance evaluator for both right and left lower limbs.ResultsCompared to controls, SCA3 patients showed significantly higher values of all static balance outcome variables with eyes open and eyes closed, implying postural instability. SCA3 patients showed significantly higher values in the standard deviation of body sway along the medio-lateral (ML) axis and in the velocity of body sway along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. The overall scores and the scores for all eight LOS components were significantly lower in the SCA3 patients than in the controls. The mean values of AP index (API), ML index (MLI), Stability index (SI) and average trace error (ATE) were significantly greater in SCA3 patients compared to HC subjects, while API showed a trend toward higher values.ConclusionsSCA3 patients have a significant postural control disorder, and are likely to fall on the AP plane and prefer performing postural adjustments in the ML direction; a decreased proprioception function in the knee and ankle is also evident. Visual cues and proprioception should be emphasized in balance rehabilitation training. Attention should also be paid to improve muscle strength and range of motion.Trial registrationThe Chinese clinical test registration center. ChiCTR1800020133. Registered 15 december 2018 - Retrospectively registered, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=33950

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