Representing hierarchies of visual regard in eye-tracking analysis

Leonardo ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eugene Han
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Pictorial Stimulus ◽  
Voronoi Cells ◽  
Original Stimulus ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
Color Pixel

Abstract In the following study, the author developed a method for representing data from eye-tracking recordings. The study proposed a form of graphical analysis that illustrates hierarchical densities of visual regard without obscuring the original pictorial stimulus. Across three different case studies, subjects’ fixation patterns were used to propagate Voronoi generating points. Integrating both fixation locations and their respective dwell times, randomized Gaussian distribution provided a technique to augment Voronoi generating seeds and enhance graphical resolution. Color pixel values were then used to fill in resultant Voronoi cells, in relation to color values provided by the original stimulus. The study revealed a form of analysis that allowed for effective differentiation of viewing behaviors between different subjects, in which emphasis was placed on a subject's attentional distribution rather than on graphic icons.

scholarly journals Looking ahead: When do you find the next item in foraging visual search?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kosovicheva ◽  
Abla Alaoui-Soce ◽  
Jeremy Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Real World ◽  
Final Experiment ◽  
Color Wheel ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Search Experiment ◽  
Fixation Locations

Many real-world visual tasks involve searching for multiple instances of a target (e.g., picking ripe berries). What strategies do observers use when collecting items in this type of search? Do they wait to finish collecting the current item before starting to look for the next target, or do they search ahead for future targets? We utilized behavioral and eye tracking measures to distinguish between these two possibilities in foraging search. Experiment 1 used a color wheel technique in which observers searched for T shapes among L shapes while all items independently cycled through a set of colors. Trials were abruptly terminated, and observers reported both the color and location of the next target that they intended to click. Using observers’ color reports to infer target-finding times, we demonstrate that observers found the next item before the time of the click on the current target. We validated these results in Experiment 2 by recording fixation locations around the time of each click. Experiment 3 utilized a different procedure, in which all items were intermittently occluded during the trial. We then calculated a distribution of when targets were visible around the time of each click, allowing us to infer when they were most likely found. In a fourth and final experiment, observers indicated the locations of multiple future targets after the search was abruptly terminated. Together, our results provide converging evidence to demonstrate that observers can find the next target before collecting the current target and can typically forage 1-2 items ahead.

Reconstructive Architectural and Urban Digital Modelling

2018 ◽  
pp. 7856-7868
Author(s):  
Roberta Spallone
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Digital Reconstruction ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Original Shape ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Digital Modelling

The digital reconstruction of architectural and urban complexes which were demolished, transformed or have been only theoretically conceived, remaining 'on paper', is now a tool of considerable heuristic value, allowing to preserve, interpret and create new images of cultural heritages that no longer exist in their original shape or never reached a material construction. The tools, methods and techniques of representation (graphical analysis, two and three-dimensional modeling, animation, prototyping) should be carefully chosen, case by case, in order to interpret properly the basic data and create original interpretations, using as research sources and ideas not only the archival drawings and any surviving vestiges, but also the autograph writings and the more inspired analysis developed by the architecture critics. The examination of several international case studies, and also some experiences personally conducted highlights the different strategies used for the preservation of the memory of such heritage.

The Effect of Prior Tennis Experience on Wheelchair Tennis Players’ Visual Search

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-341
Author(s):  
Melissa Hunfalvay ◽  
Nicholas Murray
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
And Training

The purpose of this study was to examine whether prior biped tennis playing experience results in different visual search strategies compared with no prior biped playing experience. A total of 32 wheelchair (WC) tennis players, 17 males and 15 females, ranked between 1 and 16 on the International Tennis Federation rankings participated in this study. Half the players had prior experience playing tennis as a biped player, and half had no prior experience in biped tennis. The athletes viewed 18 different serves from an expert WC player while their gaze was monitored using eye tracking. Results revealed significant differences between the groups in fixation duration and number of fixations. Differences were also found in fixation locations and durations across biomechanical phases of the serve. The WC only players had more fixations for shorter periods than did WC with biped players in the ritual phase. In the preparatory and execution phases, however, the WC only players had fewer fixations for longer duration than the WC with biped players. Results are discussed in terms of long-term memory structures, learning, and considerations when coaching and training WC tennis players.

Mobile and stationary eye tracking comparison – package design and in-store results

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Pentus ◽  
Kerli Ploom ◽  
Tanel Mehine ◽  
Madli Koiv ◽  
Age Tempel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Package Design ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
Fixation Bias ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Purpose This paper aims to test the similarity of the results of on-screen eye tracking compared to mobile eye tracking in the context of first fixation location on stimuli. Design/methodology/approach Three studies were conducted altogether with 117 participants, where the authors compared both methods: stationary eye tracking (Tobii Pro X2-60) and mobile eye tracking (Tobii Pro Glasses 2). Findings The studies revealed that the reported average first fixation locations from stationary and mobile eye tracking are different. Stationary eye tracking is more affected by a centre fixation bias. Based on the research, it can be concluded that stationary eye tracking is not always suitable for studying consumer perception and behaviour because of the centre viewing bias. Research limitations/implications When interpreting the results, researchers should take into account that stationary eye tracking results are affected by a centre fixation bias. Previous stationary eye tracking research should be interpreted with the centre fixation bias in mind. Some of this previous work should be retested using mobile eye tracking. If possible small-scale pilot studies should be included in papers to show that the more appropriate method, less affected by attention biases, was chosen. Practical implications Managers should trust research where the ability of package design to attract attention on a shelf is tested using mobile eye tracking. The authors suggest using mobile eye tracking to optimise store shelf planograms, point-of-purchase materials, and shelf layouts. In package design, interpretations of research using stationary eye tracking should consider its centre fixation bias. Managers should also be cautious when interpreting previous stationary eye tracking research (both applied and scientific), knowing that stationary eye tracking is more prone to a centre fixation bias. Originality/value While eye tracking research has become more and more popular as a marketing research method, the limitations of the method have not been fully understood by the field. This paper shows that the chosen eye tracking method can influence the results. No such comparative paper about mobile and stationary eye tracking research has been done in the marketing field.

Measuring Driver Perception: Combining Eye-Tracking and Automated Road Scene Perception

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082095995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jork Stapel ◽  
Mounir El Hassnaoui ◽  
Riender Happee
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Road User ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Driver Support Systems ◽  
Fixation Locations

Objective To investigate how well gaze behavior can indicate driver awareness of individual road users when related to the vehicle’s road scene perception. Background An appropriate method is required to identify how driver gaze reveals awareness of other road users. Method We developed a recognition-based method for labeling of driver situation awareness (SA) in a vehicle with road-scene perception and eye tracking. Thirteen drivers performed 91 left turns on complex urban intersections and identified images of encountered road users among distractor images. Results Drivers fixated within 2° for 72.8% of relevant and 27.8% of irrelevant road users and were able to recognize 36.1% of the relevant and 19.4% of irrelevant road users one min after leaving the intersection. Gaze behavior could predict road user relevance but not the outcome of the recognition task. Unexpectedly, 18% of road users observed beyond 10° were recognized. Conclusions Despite suboptimal psychometric properties leading to low recognition rates, our recognition task could identify awareness of individual road users during left turn maneuvers. Perception occurred at gaze angles well beyond 2°, which means that fixation locations are insufficient for awareness monitoring. Application Findings can be used in driver attention and awareness modelling, and design of gaze-based driver support systems.

Reconstructive Architectural and Urban Digital Modelling

2019 ◽  
pp. 591-605
Author(s):  
Roberta Spallone
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Digital Reconstruction ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Original Shape ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Digital Modelling

The digital reconstruction of architectural and urban complexes, which were demolished, transformed, or have been only theoretically conceived, remaining “on paper,” is now a tool of considerable heuristic value, allowing to preserve, interpret, and create new images of cultural heritages that no longer exist in their original shape or never reached a material construction. The tools, methods, and techniques of representation (graphical analysis, two and three-dimensional modeling, animation, prototyping) should be carefully chosen, case by case, in order to interpret properly the basic data and create original interpretations, using as research sources and ideas not only the archival drawings and any surviving vestiges but also the autobiographical writings and the more inspired analysis developed by the architecture critics. The examination of several international case studies and also some experiences personally conducted highlights the different strategies used for the preservation of the memory of such heritage.

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