Illusory Planes in Fred Sandback’s Sculpture

Leonardo ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ian Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Illusory Figure ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Impossible Figures

A remarkable feature of artist Fred Sandback’s string constructions has often been noted: that the geometrical forms created with string have a strong planar feel. Phenomenologically, the spaces between the strings are perceived as planes with some substance. The illusion is amodally completed, as in the famous Kanizsa triangle, by minimal prompts, but in three dimensions. Instead of an illusory figure, then, Sandback creates illusory planes. By noting how the constructions are like “impossible” figures, we can see how bottom up and top down effects combine to complicate the illusion and the works become about the construction of space rather than its reification.

Contradictory dynamics of empowerment in social innovation initiatives

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-136
Author(s):  
Stijn Oosterlynck ◽  
Andreas Novy ◽  
Bernhard Leubolt ◽  
Carla Weinzierl
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Over Time

In this chapter, we undertake a systematic analysis of the empowerment dimension of social innovation initiatives. The notions of social innovation and empowerment have a rather similar history. We provide a brief historical overview of the concept of empowerment and the diverse and competing meanings the concept has acquired over time. We then specify three dimensions of empowerment to analyse the empowering potential of social innovation: the bottom-up and top-down dynamics of empowerment, the relation between individual and collective forms of empowerment and the extent to which empowerment has an instrumental or expressive focus. In the analysed case studies of social innovation initiatives, we observe a pre-eminence of top-down empowerment, the dominance of individual empowerment dynamics and a predominant focus on instrumental forms of empowerment in social innovation initiatives, especially in the governance of labour market activation.

scholarly journals An ALE meta-analytic review of top-down and bottom-up processing of music in the brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Pando-Naude ◽  
Agata Patyczek ◽  
Leonardo Bonetti ◽  
Peter Vuust
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Auditory Cortices ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Brain

AbstractA remarkable feature of the human brain is its ability to integrate information from the environment with internally generated content. The integration of top-down and bottom-up processes during complex multi-modal human activities, however, is yet to be fully understood. Music provides an excellent model for understanding this since music listening leads to the urge to move, and music making entails both playing and listening at the same time (i.e., audio-motor coupling). Here, we conducted activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses of 130 neuroimaging studies of music perception, production and imagery, with 2660 foci, 139 experiments, and 2516 participants. We found that music perception and production rely on auditory cortices and sensorimotor cortices, while music imagery recruits distinct parietal regions. This indicates that the brain requires different structures to process similar information which is made available either by an interaction with the environment (i.e., bottom-up) or by internally generated content (i.e., top-down).

scholarly journals Revisiting top-down and bottom-up brain processes: a systematic review and ALE meta-analysis of musical studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Pando-Naude ◽  
Agata Patyczek ◽  
Leonardo Bonetti ◽  
Peter Vuust
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Music Production ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractThe most remarkable feature of the human brain is perhaps its ability to constantly integrate information from the environment with internal representations to decide the best action. The integration of top-down and bottom-up processes during complex multi-modal human activities, however, is yet to be understood. Music provides an excellent model for understanding this since music listening leads to the urge to move, and music making entails both playing and listening at the same time (i.e. audio-motor coupling). Here, we conducted activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses of 130 neuroimaging studies of music perception, production and imagery, with 2660 foci, 139 experiments, and 2516 participants. We found that music perception relies on auditory cortices, music production involves sensorimotor cortices, and music imagery recruits cingulum. This indicates that the brain requires distinct structures to process information which is made available either by the environment (i.e. bottom-up, music perception) or by internal representations (i.e. top-down, music production and imagery).

scholarly journals Digital astroturfing in politics: Definition, typology, and countermeasures

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Kovic ◽  
Adrian Rauchfleisch ◽  
Marc Sele ◽  
Christian Caspar
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Political Actors

In recent years, several instances of political actors who created fake grassroots activity on the Internet have been uncovered. We propose to call such fake online grassroots activity digital astroturfing, and we define it as a form of manufactured, deceptive and strategic top-down activity on the Internet initiated by political actors that mimics bottom-up activity by autonomous individuals. The goal of this paper is to lay out a conceptual map of the phenomenon of digital astroturfing in politics. To that end, we introduce, first, a typology of digital astroturfing according to three dimensions (target, actor type, goals), and, second, the concept of digital astroturfing repertoires, the possible combinations of tools, venues and actions used in digital astroturfing efforts. Furthermore, we explore possible restrictive and incentivizing countermeasures against digital astroturfing. Finally, we discuss prospects for future research: Even though empirical research on digital astroturfing is difficult, it is neither impossible nor futile.

scholarly journals Digital astroturfing in politics: Definition, typology, and countermeasures

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Kovic ◽  
Adrian Rauchfleisch ◽  
Marc Sele ◽  
Christian Caspar
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Political Actors

In recent years, several instances of political actors who created fake grassroots activity on the Internet have been uncovered. We propose to call such fake online grassroots activity digital astroturfing, and we define it as a form of manufactured, deceptive and strategic top-down activity on the Internet initiated by political actors that mimics bottom-up activity by autonomous individuals. The goal of this paper is to lay out a conceptual map of the phenomenon of digital astroturfing in politics. To that end, we introduce, first, a typology of digital astroturfing according to three dimensions (target, actor type, goals), and, second, the concept of digital astroturfing repertoires, the possible combinations of tools, venues and actions used in digital astroturfing efforts. Furthermore, we explore possible restrictive and incentivizing countermeasures against digital astroturfing. Finally, we discuss prospects for future research: Even though empirical research on digital astroturfing is difficult, it is neither impossible nor futile.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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