Development of Prefrontal Cortical Connectivity and the Enduring Effect of Learned Value on Cognitive Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Y. Davidow ◽  
Margaret A. Sheridan ◽  
Koene R. A. Van Dijk ◽  
Rosario M. Santillana ◽  
Jenna Snyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Temporal Persistence ◽  
Appetitive Cues ◽  
The Right ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Complex Influence

Inhibitory control, the capacity to suppress an inappropriate response, is a process employed for guiding action selection in the service of goal-directed behavior. Under neutral circumstances, inhibitory control success improves from childhood to adulthood and has been associated with developmental shifts in functional activation and connectivity of the PFC. However, the ability to exercise inhibitory control is challenged in certain contexts by including appetitive cues, a phenomenon that may be particularly pronounced in youths. Here, we examine the magnitude and temporal persistence of learned value's influence on inhibitory control in a cross-sectional sample of 8- to 25-year-olds. Participants first underwent conditioning of a motor approach response to two initially neutral cues, with one cue reinforced with monetary reward and the other with no monetary outcome. Subsequently, during fMRI, participants reencountered these cues as no-go targets in a nonreinforced go/no-go paradigm. Although the influence of learned value increasingly disrupted inhibitory control with increasing age, in young adults this pattern remitted over the course of the task, whereas during adolescence the impairing effect of reward history persisted. Successful no-go performance to the previously rewarded target was related to greater recruitment of the right inferior frontal gyrus and age-related increase in functional connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and the ventromedial PFC for the previously rewarded no-go target over the control target. Together, results indicate the complex influence of value on goals over development relies upon the increased coordination of distinct higher-order regions in the PFC.

scholarly journals Neurometabolic Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Motor Inhibition in Young and Older Adults: Evidence from Multiple Regional 1H-MR Spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akila Weerasekera ◽  
Oron Levin ◽  
Amanda Clauwaert ◽  
Kirstin-Friederike Heise ◽  
Lize Hermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right ◽  
Age Range

Abstract Suboptimal inhibitory control is a major factor contributing to motor/cognitive deficits in older age and pathology. Here, we provide novel insights into the neurochemical biomarkers of inhibitory control in healthy young and older adults and highlight putative neurometabolic correlates of deficient inhibitory functions in normal aging. Age-related alterations in levels of glutamate–glutamine complex (Glx), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mIns) were assessed in the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG), pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SM1), bilateral striatum (STR), and occipital cortex (OCC) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Data were collected from 30 young (age range 18–34 years) and 29 older (age range 60–74 years) adults. Associations between age-related changes in the levels of these metabolites and performance measures or reactive/proactive inhibition were examined for each age group. Glx levels in the right striatum and preSMA were associated with more efficient proactive inhibition in young adults but were not predictive for reactive inhibition performance. Higher NAA/mIns ratios in the preSMA and RIFG and lower mIns levels in the OCC were associated with better deployment of proactive and reactive inhibition in older adults. Overall, these findings suggest that altered regional concentrations of NAA and mIns constitute potential biomarkers of suboptimal inhibitory control in aging.

IC-P-100: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study of Age-Related Shrinkage in the Superior,Middle and Inferior Frontal Gyrus in Old and Very Old Age

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. S40-S40
Author(s):  
Olof E. Lindberg ◽  
Carl-Henrik Ehrenkrona ◽  
Linnea Engström ◽  
Leif A. Svensson ◽  
Eva Öhrndahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Very Old Age

scholarly journals Associations Between Smoking Abstinence, Inhibitory Control, and Smoking Behavior: An fMRI Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Bell ◽  
Brett Froeliger
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Abstinence ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc

Nicotine addiction is associated with dysregulated inhibitory control (IC), mediated by corticothalamic circuitry including the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Among sated smokers, worse IC task performance and greater IC-related rIFG activity have been shown to be associated with greater relapse vulnerability. The present study investigated the effects of smoking abstinence on associations between IC task performance, rIFG activation, and smoking behavior. Smokers (N = 26, 15 female) completed an IC task (Go/Go/No-go) during fMRI scanning followed by a laboratory-based smoking relapse analog task (SRT) on two visits: once when sated and once following 24 h of smoking abstinence. During the SRT, smokers were provided with monetary rewards for incrementally delaying smoking. A significant main effect of No-go accuracy on latency to smoke during the SRT was observed when collapsing across smoking states (abstinent vs. sated). Similarly, a significant main effect of IC-related activation in rIFG on SRT performance was observed across states. The main effect of state, however, was non-significant in both of these models. Furthermore, the interaction between smoking state and No-go accuracy on SRT performance was non-significant, indicating a similar relationship between IC and lapse vulnerability under both sated and abstinent conditions. The state X rIFG activation interaction on SRT performance was likewise non-significant. Post-hoc whole brain analyses indicated that abstinence resulted in greater IC-related activity in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and insula. Activation during IC in these regions was significantly associated with decreased No-go accuracy. Moreover, greater abstinence induced activity in right MFG during IC was associated with smoking sooner on the SRT. These findings are bolstered by the extant literature on the effects of nicotine on executive function and also contribute novel insights on how individual differences in behavioral and neuroimaging measures of IC may influence relapse propensity independent of smoking state.

scholarly journals Shifting and stopping: fronto-striatal substrates, neurochemical modulation and clinical implications

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1481) ◽  
pp. 917-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.W Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Set Switching ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Neuropsychological Investigation ◽  
The Right

The neuropsychological basis of attentional set-shifting, task-set switching and stop-signal inhibition is reviewed through comparative studies of humans and experimental animals. Using human functional neuroimaging, plus neuropsychological investigation of patients with frontal damage quantified by structural magnetic resonance imaging, and through parallels with effects of specific lesions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum in rats and marmosets, it is possible to define both distinct and overlapping loci for tasks such as extra-dimensional shifting and reversal learning, stop-signal reaction time and task-set switching. Notably, most of the paradigms implicate a locus in the right PFC, specifically the right inferior frontal gyrus, possibly associated with processes of response inhibition. The neurochemical modulation of fronto-striatal circuitry in parallel with effects on task performance has been investigated using specific neuropharmacological agents in animals and by human psychopharmacological investigations, sometimes in conjunction with functional imaging. Evidence is provided for double dissociations of effects of manipulations of prefrontal cortical catecholamine and indoleamine (5-HT) systems that have considerable implications in the treatment of disorders such as Parkinson's disease, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression, as well as in theoretical notions of how ‘fronto-executive’ functions are subject to state-dependent influences, probably related to stress, arousal and motivation.

scholarly journals Right inferior frontal gyrus implements motor inhibitory control via beta-band oscillations in humans

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schaum ◽  
Edoardo Pinzuti ◽  
Alexandra Sebastian ◽  
Klaus Lieb ◽  
Pascal Fries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Band Power ◽  
The Right ◽  
Band Activity

Motor inhibitory control implemented as response inhibition is an essential cognitive function required to dynamically adapt to rapidly changing environments. Despite over a decade of research on the neural mechanisms of response inhibition, it remains unclear, how exactly response inhibition is initiated and implemented. Using a multimodal MEG/fMRI approach in 59 subjects, our results reliably reveal that response inhibition is initiated by the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) as a form of attention-independent top-down control that involves the modulation of beta-band activity. Furthermore, stopping performance was predicted by beta-band power, and beta-band connectivity was directed from rIFG to pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), indicating rIFG’s dominance over pre-SMA. Thus, these results strongly support the hypothesis that rIFG initiates stopping, implemented by beta-band oscillations with potential to open up new ways of spatially localized oscillation-based interventions.

scholarly journals A postmortem study on the volume of the human kidney

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Fatema Johora ◽  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
Dilruba Siddiqua ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Shamim Ara
Keyword(s):  
Left Kidney ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Kidney Volume ◽  
Kidney Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Context: Kidney volume is a sensitive index of kidney size for the detection of renal abnormalities. It is also excellent predictor of renal function and correlates very well with body indexes. The present study was done on cadaveric specimens to see the age related changes in the volume of the kidney in a Bangladeshi population and to compare with the previous local and foreign studies. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2008 to June 2009, based on collection of 140 post mortem human kidneys from 70 unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. All the samples were divided into three age groups including A (10-19 years), B (20-39 years) and C (40-59 years). The length, breadth and thickness of each kidney were measured by using a slide calipers and recorded. Then the volume was determined by using prolate ellipsoid formula i.e. length × breadth × thickness × 0.52. Results: The volume of the right and left kidneys were found 54.46±4.02 cm3 and 53.15±1.98 cm3 in group A, 78.31±10.41 cm3 and 75.90±8.32 cm3 in group B, 74.47±6.22 cm3 and 73.34±6.80 cm3 in group C. No statistically significant difference was found between the right and the left kidney in any group. However, statistically significant differences were evident between A & B and A & C (P<0.001). Conclusion: No difference was found in volume between the right and the left kidney in any group. However, kidney volume was found to increase with advancing age in apparently healthy Bangladeshi people. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v23i1.22698 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 23, No.1, April, 2014, Page 73-77

Age Related Change of Inner Diameter of Ampulla of Fallopian Tube in Bangladeshi Female Cadaver

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Rubina Qasim ◽  
Dilruba Siddiqua ◽  
Fatema Johora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Background: The fallopian tubes act as conduit for spermatozoa to reach the oocyte and to convey the fertilized (egg) to enter the uterine cavity following fertilization. Problems with the fallopian tubes can lead to infertility. Detailed morphological and histological knowledge is essential for the diagnosis and management of fallopian tube disease.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify the inner diameter of ampulla of the fallopian tube and its changes with advancing age.Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2008 to June 2009 for a period of one (01) year. This present study was performed on post mortem fallopian tubes of Bangladeshi female. Among them lowest age was 12 years and highest age was 50 years. Samples were divided into three differential age groups named asgroup A (10 to 13 years), group B (14 to 45 years), and group C (46 to 50 years). All samples were studied morphologically and histologically.Results: The mean inner diameter of the ampulla of the right and left fallopian tubes ranged from 1.99±0.08 to 3.24±0.27 mm. The difference between all the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The mean difference of the inner diameter of the ampulla of the right and left fallopian tubesbetween groupA and groupB and groupB and groupC were statistically significant; however, there was no significant difference between right and left fallopian tube.Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2018;4(2): 137-140

scholarly journals Weight of the Human Kidney – A Study on 70 Autopsy Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Fatema Zohora ◽  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
Dilruba Siddiqua ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Hosna Ara Perven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Group A ◽  
Bangladeshi Population ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Right

Background: Variations in weight of the kidney in different populations and in different age groups are evident.Objective: The aim of the present study was to find out age related changes in weight of the kidney in a Bangladeshi population and compare with previous local and foreign studies.Materials and method: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2008 to June 2009, based on collection of 140 post mortem human kidneys collected from 70 unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine of same institute. All the samples were divided into three different age groups - A (10-19 years), B (20-39 years) and C (40-59 years), and the weight of each kidney was measured by using a digital balance and recorded.Results: The weight of the right and left kidneys were found 86.18±0.32 gm and 86.10±0.10 gm in group A, 102.25±7.64 gm and 101.96±7.27 gm in group B, 95.59±0.75 gm and 95.19±1.24 gm in group C respectively. No difference was found between the right and left kidneys in any group. However, statistically significant differences were evident among age groups.Conclusion: The weight of the kidney was found to increase up to 4th decade of life and then declined with further advancing age.Delta Med Col J. Jan 2016 4(1): 31-34

scholarly journals Cortical Activation to Social and Mechanical Stimuli in the Infant Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Biondi ◽  
Amy Hirshkowitz ◽  
Jacqueline Stotler ◽  
Teresa Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Mechanical Interaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Hill

From the early days of life infants distinguish between social and non-social physical entities and have different expectations for the way these two entities should move and interact. At the same time, we know very little about the cortical systems that support this early emerging ability. The goal of the current research was to assess the extent to which infant’s processing of social and non-social physical entities is mediated by distinct information processing systems in the temporal cortex. Using a cross-sectional design, infants aged 6–9 months (Experiment 1) and 11–18 months (Experiment 2) were presented with two types of events: social interaction and mechanical interaction. In the social interaction event (patterned after Hamlin et al., 2007), an entity with googly eyes, hair tufts, and an implied goal of moving up the hill was either helped up, or pushed down, a hill through the actions of another social entity. In the mechanical interaction event, the googly eyes and hair tufts were replaced with vertical black dots and a hook and clasp, and the objects moved up or down the hill via mechanical interactions. FNIRS was used to measure activation from temporal cortex while infants viewed the test events. In both age groups, viewing social and mechanical interaction events elicited different patterns of activation in the right temporal cortex, although responses were more specialized in the older age group. Activation was not obtained in these areas when the objects moved in synchrony without interacting, suggesting that the causal nature of the interaction events may be responsible, in part, to the results obtained. This is one of the few fNIRS studies that has investigated age-related patterns of cortical activation and the first to provide insight into the functional development of networks specialized for processing of social and non-social physical entities engaged in interaction events.

scholarly journals The frontal aslant tract (FAT) and its role in speech, language and executive function

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Steven Dick ◽  
Dea Garic ◽  
Paulo Graziano ◽  
Pascale Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Language Function ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Putative Role ◽  
Frontal Aslant Tract ◽  
The Right ◽  
Motor Areas

AbstractIn this review, we examine the structural connectivity of a recently-identified fiber pathway, the frontal aslant tract (FAT), and explore its function. We first review structural connectivity studies using tract-tracing methods in non-human primates, and diffusion-weighted imaging and electrostimulation in humans. These studies suggest a monosynaptic connection exists between the lateral inferior frontal gyrus and the pre-supplementary and supplementary motor areas of the medial superior frontal gyrus. This connection is termed the FAT. We then review research on the left FAT’s putative role in supporting speech and language function, with particular focus on speech initiation, stuttering and verbal fluency. Next, we review research on the right FAT’s putative role supporting executive function, namely inhibitory control and conflict monitoring for action. We summarize the extant body of empirical work by suggesting that the FAT plays a domain general role in the planning, timing, and coordination of sequential motor movements through the resolution of competition among potential motor plans. However, we also propose some domain specialization across the hemispheres. On the left hemisphere, the circuit is proposed to be specialized for speech actions. On the right hemisphere, the circuit is proposed to be specialized for general action control of the organism, especially in the visuo-spatial domain. We close the review with a discussion of the clinical significance of the FAT, and suggestions for further research on the pathway.HighlightsThe frontal aslant tract (FAT) is a recently identified fiber pathwayIt connects inferior frontal gyrus with medial frontal motor areasThe left FAT has been associated with speech and language functionThe right FAT has been associated with inhibitory controlBoth FAT pathways may function in sequential motor planning

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