Does the Noncombatant Immunity Norm Have Stopping Power? A                     Debate

Scott D. Sagan; Benjamin A. Valentino; Charli Carpenter; Alexander H. Montgomery

doi:10.1162/isec_a_00393

Does the Noncombatant Immunity Norm Have Stopping Power? A Debate

International Security ◽

10.1162/isec_a_00393 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 170-186

Author(s):

Scott D. Sagan ◽

Benjamin A. Valentino ◽

Charli Carpenter ◽

Alexander H. Montgomery

Keyword(s):

Stopping Power ◽

Noncombatant Immunity

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Atomic orientation effects in proton stopping at low velocity

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100077116 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 708-709

Author(s):

Kin Lam

Keyword(s):

Polycrystalline Material ◽

Charged Particles ◽

Target Material ◽

Stopping Power ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Electronic Density ◽

Interatomic Distances ◽

Frame Work ◽

Image Position ◽

Atomic Orientation

The energy of moving ions in solid is dependent on the electronic density as well as the atomic structural properties of the target material. These factors contribute to the observable effects in polycrystalline material using the scanning ion microscope. Here we outline a method to investigate the dependence of low velocity proton stopping on interatomic distances and orientations.The interaction of charged particles with atoms in the frame work of the Fermi gas model was proposed by Lindhard. For a system of atoms, the electronic Lindhard stopping power can be generalized to the formwhere the stopping power function is defined as

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Stopping-power determination for compound by EELS

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100172474 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 948-949 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David C. Joy ◽

Suichu Luo ◽

John R. Dunlap ◽

Dick Williams ◽

Siqi Cao

Keyword(s):

Energy Loss ◽

Electron Energy ◽

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽

Materials Science ◽

Average Energy ◽

Stopping Power ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Power Calculation ◽

Coulomb Collisions ◽

Electron Energy Loss

In Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, Biology and Medicine, it is very important to have accurate information about the stopping power of various media for electrons, that is the average energy loss per unit pathlength due to inelastic Coulomb collisions with atomic electrons of the specimen along their trajectories. Techniques such as photoemission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy have been used in the measurements of electron-solid interaction. In this paper we present a comprehensive technique which combines experimental and theoretical work to determine the electron stopping power for various materials by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS ). As an example, we measured stopping power for Si, C, and their compound SiC. The method, results and discussion are described briefly as below.The stopping power calculation is based on the modified Bethe formula at low energy:where Neff and Ieff are the effective values of the mean ionization potential, and the number of electrons participating in the process respectively. Neff and Ieff can be obtained from the sum rule relations as we discussed before3 using the energy loss function Im(−1/ε).

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