scholarly journals Wages Over the Course of Structural Transformation: Evidence from India

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-158
Author(s):  
Rana Hasan ◽  
Rhea Molato
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Labor Force Survey ◽  
Wage Regressions ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Big Cities

This paper uses labor force survey data from India for 2000 and 2012 to examine how wages behave over the course of structural transformation. We find that wage employment between 2000 and 2012 displays the patterns one would expect for an economy undergoing structural transformation, with employment shares shifting from agriculture to industry and services, and from rural to urban areas and larger cities within urban areas. These shifts, as well as a shift to nonroutine occupations and routine manual occupations outside of agriculture, are associated with an improvement in average wages. Finally, simple Mincerian wage regressions confirm that jobs in larger firms and big cities are associated with significantly higher wages—even more so for women. Overall, our results are consistent with the notion that policies that encourage the expansion of the formal sector and employment in larger firms are crucial for development.

scholarly journals Wages and Informality in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 1509-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costas Meghir ◽  
Renata Narita ◽  
Jean-Marc Robin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Heterogeneous Firms ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Compensating Differentials ◽  
Labor Force Survey

We develop an equilibrium wage-posting model with heterogeneous firms that decide to locate in the formal or the informal sector and workers who search randomly on and off the job. We estimate the model on Brazilian labor force survey data. In equilibrium, firms of equal productivity locate in different sectors, a fact observed in the data. Wages are characterized by compensating differentials. We show that tightening enforcement does not increase unemployment and increases wages, total output, and welfare by enabling better allocation of workers to higher productivity jobs and improving competition in the formal labor market. (JEL E26, J24, J31, J46, O15, O17)

scholarly journals Implementation of the Two Step Cluster Method on the National Labor Force Survey Data (Sakernas)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Deanti ◽  
Farit Mochamad Afendi ◽  
Aam Alamudi
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Mixed Data ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Labor Force Survey ◽  
Force Data

MAYA DEANTI. Implementation of Two Step Cluster Method on National Labor Force Survey Data (Sakernas) 2017 Bogor Regency. Supervised by FARIT MOCHAMAD AFENDI and AAM ALAMUDI.        Five labor issues in Indonesia that have not been resolved by 2017 are termination of employment due to digitalization or automation, labor informalization, BPJS, high accident and occupational safety (K3), and outsourcing. In addition, the increasing number of Foreign Workers (TKA) in Indonesia can affect the decrease in local employment opportunities. Therefore, in this study will be carried out clustering to the labor force data to determine the condition of employment in Indonesia, especially Bogor regency. However, this labor force data has considerable observation with mixed data types, namely numerical and categorical. Regular cluster analysis can not be applied directly to the condition of the data, so that to be used in this research is a Two Step Cluster analysis which is a modification of existing cluster analysis. This Two Step Cluster analysis produces 3 clusters, with the characteristics of each cluster that is cluster 1 consisting of resident households or unemployed, cluster 2 consists of self-employed residents, and cluster 3 with the majority of the population working as laborers or employees. This clustering is based on work aspect only because the demography and education aspect of Bogor Regency is quite uniform.   Keywords: cluster analysis, cluster, Two Step Cluster, uniform

scholarly journals Returns to Education in Different Job Locations for Off-Farm Wage Employment: Evidence from China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Weidong Wang ◽  
Yongqing Dong ◽  
Yunli Bai ◽  
Renfu Luo ◽  
Linxiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Rural Labor ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples

In this study, we explore the returns to education among different job locations for off-farm wage employment using nationally representative samples from rural China. Through a series of robustness checks, we conclude that there is heterogeneity in returns to education for different job locations within the rural labor force. Specifically, we have found that the returns to education for laborers in big cities are significantly higher than those for laborers working both in ordinary cities and within counties. That is to say, the utility of education is better-reflected in big cities. We conclude that the returns to education in big cities are 5.4 percent, while the returns to education are no more than 1 percent in ordinary cities and within counties. These results suggest that labor markets in the underdeveloped regions of China have factors that undermine the productivity effect of human capital.

scholarly journals Determinants of women's non-family work in Ghana and Zimbabwe

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofi D. Benefo ◽  
Vijayan K. Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Family Work ◽  
Health Survey Data

One objective of this paper is to evaluate the determinants of female non-family work in Africa. Selected labor force participation theories are tested using demographic and health survey data. The traditional kinship-oriented family organization in Africa, along with high fertility, have long been seen as factors that constrain women’s participation in the labor force, particularly in seeking formal sector employment. We use demographic and health survey data from two African countries, Ghana and Zimbabwe. Education emerges as the most important determinant of non-family work. Even if female education levels increase, single women may not gain easy entry into the informal economy managed by kinship-based social networks. A large proportion of these educated women may not find jobs if the formal economy does not expand. Results from Ghana and Zimbabwe are compared.

scholarly journals Characteristics Of The Unemployed In Canada: Leavers, Losers And Layoffs

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita N. Chhinzer ◽  
Khaldoun I. Ababneh
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Labor Force Survey ◽  
The Unemployed

This research identifies the need to disaggregate unemployed persons into job leaver, job loser and job layoff categorizations. Multinominal logit regression on Labor Force Survey data (n=38,546) confirms that demographic, human capital and work-related variables account for almost a third of the variance in likelihood to fall into the disaggregated unemployment categories in Canada.

Civic Participation and Social Embeddedness: Differences Between Urban and Rural Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Tuuli-Marja Kleiner
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Social Embeddedness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level

Does civic participation lead to a large social network? This study claims that high levels of civic participation may obstruct individual social embeddedness. Using survey data from the German Survey on Volunteering (Deutscher Freiwilligensurvey; 1999–2009), this study conducts macro- as well as multi-level regressions to examine the link between civic participation and social embeddedness. Findings reveal that civic participation on the sub-national regional level is not generally associated with social embeddedness, but it affects the participants’ and non-participants’ possibilities for friendships differently. This holds especially true in urban areas, but the effect cannot be found in rural areas. The analysis has implications for further research to enhance the social embeddedness of the excluded.

Economic Structural Transformation in Emerging Market Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 097491012110046
Author(s):  
Kunling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Trade Structure ◽  
Emerging Market Countries

This article analyzes the structural transformation in 30 emerging market countries (E30) on the dimensions of industry, trade, and urbanization. It finds that first, in the agricultural sector, E30 have contributed greatly to the increase of the global agricultural productivity and the transfer of labor force from the agricultural sector to industry or the service sector. However, these countries still feature a high percentage of agricultural employment, which means there is vast room for shifting the agricultural labor force. Second, in the industrial sector, E30 have made remarkable contributions to the world’s industrial development but have also displayed a trend of premature “deindustrialization.” Third, the service sector has picked up speed and gradually turned into a new driver of economic development in E30. Against this backdrop, E30 face the major challenge of how to cope with the premature deindustrialization and smoothly shift the economic growth engine from the industrial sector to the service sector. Fourth, E30 have become an important force in the world trade, with their trade structure switching from simple, primary, low-value-added goods to sophisticated, high-grade, and high-value-added goods and services. However, some emerging market countries are more susceptible to the impacts of the anti-globalization trend because of their high reliance on foreign trade and improper trade structure. Therefore, how to diversify the economy and enhance its economic resilience holds the key to the sustainable economic development of E30. Fifth, E30 have contributed greatly to world urbanization. As urbanization relies more on the service sector than on the industrial sector, it is vital to properly strike a balance between industrialization and urbanization, and between industrialization and service sector development.

scholarly journals GAP FILLERS OR PIONEERS: INFORMAL WATER SUPPLIERS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS OF THE TECHIMAN MUNICIPALITY OF GHANA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 525-539
Author(s):  
Lydia Kwoyiga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Municipal Assembly

There is continuous expansion and growth of urban and peri urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa with projections indicating that this will double. Some peri-urban areas such as those in the Techiman municipality of Ghana are experiencing this trend. Nonetheless, the spate of growth of these areas outstrips the supply of utilities by municipal water distribution networks. As a result, some areas have little or no public provision. In order to address the water supply challenge, places with favourable hydrological settings are witnessing the emergence of informal water suppliers as “gap fillers” or “pioneers”, providing water services. Noteworthy, however, existing studies about informal water suppliers in peri-urban areas in Ghana lump them together, without considering the water source. This study differs in that it specifically examines the evolution and the features of informal water suppliers who privately and independently abstract and supply groundwater. Additionally, it attempts to understand the nature of informality of the suppliers and the possibility of formalisation. The paper is an exploratory study using the case of private mechanised borehole operators who supply water in their respective areas. The findings showed that in some peri-urban areas in the Techiman municipality, some dwellers constructed and operated mechanised boreholes, which provide in-situ water and utilities to others. They are mostly pioneer water suppliers in some of the areas. Their services are informal by nature because they are largely independent of the formal sector and apply informal arrangements in rendering their services. Seen also as business enterprises, they are not licenced. However, the boreholes are registered with the Municipal Assembly, which indicated some level of formalisation. The study recommended that efforts to formalise them further should focus on improving water quality monitoring for consumption and promoting sustainable abstraction.

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