scholarly journals Inflated Estimates of Proportional Recovery From Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Bowman ◽  
Anna Bonkhoff ◽  
Tom Hope ◽  
Christian Grefkes ◽  
Cathy Price
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Fixed Proportion ◽  
Trajectory Following ◽  
Initial Score ◽  
Mathematical Coupling

The proportional recovery rule states that most survivors recover a fixed proportion (≈70%) of lost function after stroke. A strong (negative) correlation between the initial score and subsequent change (outcome minus initial; ie, recovery) is interpreted as empirical support for the proportional recovery rule. However, this rule has recently been critiqued, with a central observation being that the correlation of initial scores with change over time is confounded in the situations in which it is typically assessed. This critique has prompted reassessments of patients’ behavioral trajectory following stroke in 2 prominent papers. The first of these, by van der Vliet et al presented an impressive modeling of upper limb deficits following stroke, which avoided the confounded correlation of initial scores with change. The second by Kundert et al reassessed the value of the proportional recovery rule, as classically formulated as the correlation between initial scores and change. They argued that while effective prediction of recovery trajectories of individual patients is not supported by the available evidence, group-level inferences about the existence of proportional recovery are reliable. In this article, we respond to the van der Vliet and Kundert papers by distilling the essence of the argument for why the classic assessment of proportional recovery is confounded. In this respect, we reemphasize the role of mathematical coupling and compression to ceiling in the confounded nature of the correlation of initial scores with change. We further argue that this confound will be present for both individual-level and group-level inference. We then focus on the difficulties that can arise from ceiling effects, even when initial scores are not being correlated with change/recovery. We conclude by emphasizing the need for new techniques to analyze recovery after stroke that are not confounded in the ways highlighted here.

Rejection-Identification: An Examination of Group-Level and Individual-Level Discrimination Among Hispanic Immigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 073998632110335
Author(s):  
Laura J. Brugger
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Hispanic Immigrants ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Identity Importance

This study investigates the Rejection-Identification Model (RIM) by examining impacts of group-level and personal experiences with discrimination on different measures of ethnic identity and cultural importance among Hispanic immigrants. The RIM is used to describe associations between discrimination and increased ethnic identity and the mediating role of ethnicity on negative outcomes of discrimination. Growing empirical support for the RIM has prompted inquiry into its application among different populations, including immigrants who face numerous types of discrimination. Using the Latino Immigrant National Election Survey, the study found that the perception of group-level discrimination was associated with a higher likelihood of reporting Hispanic identity importance, however, personal experiences with discrimination were not. Further, results showed that neither type of discrimination impacted cultural or Spanish language maintenance importance. This paper discusses the implications of these findings and how the protective factors presented by the RIM may vary among populations and when considering personal and group-level discrimination.

The role of group personality composition in the emergence of task and relationship conflict within groups

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Relationship Conflict ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis

AbstractConflict is a ubiquitous feature of groups in organizations that clearly affects group performance. While prior research has investigated the role of personality on conflict resolution styles at the individual level, little work has examined the role of personality on the emergence of conflict. This may be partially due to the fact that the emergence of conflict is inherently a group-level phenomenon, and thus requires the aggregation of personality to the group (or at least dyadic) level of analysis. I propose that each of the Big Five personality traits (or specific facets), at the group level, affect the emergence of either task conflict, relationship conflict, or both. Developing our understanding of how group personality composition affects both of these types of conflict is necessary to better enable groups to manage conflict, and thereby lessen potentially harmful outcomes resulting from conflict.

The role of group personality composition in the emergence of task and relationship conflict within groups

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Relationship Conflict ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis

AbstractConflict is a ubiquitous feature of groups in organizations that clearly affects group performance. While prior research has investigated the role of personality on conflict resolution styles at the individual level, little work has examined the role of personality on the emergence of conflict. This may be partially due to the fact that the emergence of conflict is inherently a group-level phenomenon, and thus requires the aggregation of personality to the group (or at least dyadic) level of analysis. I propose that each of the Big Five personality traits (or specific facets), at the group level, affect the emergence of either task conflict, relationship conflict, or both. Developing our understanding of how group personality composition affects both of these types of conflict is necessary to better enable groups to manage conflict, and thereby lessen potentially harmful outcomes resulting from conflict.

scholarly journals Empathy, Altruism, and Group Identification

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kengo Miyazono ◽  
Kiichi Inarimori
Keyword(s):  
Group Identification ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
Behavioral Consequences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

This paper investigates the role of group identification in empathic emotion and its behavioral consequences. Our central idea is that group identification is the key to understanding the process in which empathic emotion causes helping behavior. Empathic emotion causes helping behavior because it involves group identification, which motivates helping behavior toward other members. This paper focuses on a hypothesis, which we call “self-other merging hypothesis (SMH),” according to which empathy-induced helping behavior is due to the “merging” between the helping agent and the helped agent. We argue that SMH should be interpreted in terms of group identification. The group identification interpretation of SMH is both behaviorally adequate (i.e., successfully predicts and explains the helping behavior in the experimental settings) and psychologically plausible (i.e., does not posit psychologically unrealistic beliefs, desires, etc.). Empathy-induced helping behavior, according to the group identification interpretation of the SMH, does not fit comfortably into the traditional egoism/altruism dichotomy. We thus propose a new taxonomy according to which empathy-induced helping behavior is both altruistic at the individual level and egoistic at the group level.

Conflict

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Breen
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Interpersonal Conflict ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Group Conflict ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Preferences

: This article examines the role of individual preferences and actions in producing conflict and how conflict shapes preferences, identity, and actions. Using an analytical approach, it looks at the causes and consequences of interpersonal and group conflict, with particular emphasis on the microfoundations of conflict and peace. It also considers how conflict causes action and the formation of collective identity, much as collective identity gives rise to conflict and action. After reviewing some of the challenges raised by the study of conflict, the article discusses the link between interpersonal conflict and individual-level dynamics. It then explores ethnic and class conflict in relation to group-level dynamics, along with the endogenous dynamics of violent conflict in the context of civil war. Finally, it highlights the importance of alliance as a mechanism linking local cleavages into a conflict’s master cleavage.

scholarly journals The Effect of Compensation Size on Recovery Satisfaction After Group Service Failures: The Role of Group Versus Individual Service Recovery

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne K. Albrecht ◽  
Tobias Schaefers ◽  
Gianfranco Walsh ◽  
Sharon E. Beatty
Keyword(s):  
Service Recovery ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Group Service ◽  
Recovery Satisfaction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Individual Service

Two experimental studies reveal that customers’ reactions to different levels of recovery compensation differ between a recovery that occurs at the group level (such that every customer knows that every other affected customer receives the same compensation) and one that occurs at the individual level (such that the individual does not know whether and how much compensation other affected customers receive). In both cases, recovery compensation exhibits diminishing returns on compensation size in terms of recovery satisfaction. However, at the group level, the rate at which the returns on compensation diminish is greater and satisfaction reaches a plateau at lower compensation levels than at the individual level. The salient social comparison made during a group service recovery (GSR), as evidenced by the mediating role of distributive justice, explains these effects. Finally, we note that at midrange compensation levels, GSR and individual service recovery did not lead to different levels of recovery satisfaction, suggesting a zone of tolerance or indifference at these levels. Further, our findings yield important managerial implications for the efficient allocation of service recovery resources after a group service failure.

scholarly journals Anatomical Properties of the Arcuate Fasciculus Predict Phonological and Reading Skills in Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 3304-3317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Yeatman ◽  
Robert F. Dougherty ◽  
Elena Rykhlevskaia ◽  
Anthony J. Sherbondy ◽  
Gayle K. Deutsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Skills ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Arcuate Fasciculus ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

For more than a century, neurologists have hypothesized that the arcuate fasciculus carries signals that are essential for language function; however, the relevance of the pathway for particular behaviors is highly controversial. The primary objective of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging to examine the relationship between individual variation in the microstructural properties of arcuate fibers and behavioral measures of language and reading skills. A second objective was to use novel fiber-tracking methods to reassess estimates of arcuate lateralization. In a sample of 55 children, we found that measurements of diffusivity in the left arcuate correlate with phonological awareness skills and arcuate volume lateralization correlates with phonological memory and reading skills. Contrary to previous investigations that report the absence of the right arcuate in some subjects, we demonstrate that new techniques can identify the pathway in every individual. Our results provide empirical support for the role of the arcuate fasciculus in the development of reading skills.

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