scholarly journals Newly Diagnosed Leptospirosis and Subsequent Hemorrhagic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Ying Li ◽  
Mei-Chia Chou ◽  
James Cheng-Chung Wei ◽  
Mei-Chen Lin ◽  
Yao-Min Hung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Strength Of Association

Background and Purpose: Preceding infection as an important risk factor for ischemic stroke has been reported but neglected for hemorrhagic stroke, especially in young and middle-aged patients. This study investigates whether newly diagnosed leptospirosis is associated with an increased risk of stroke. Methods: We identified 3699 in-patients who were aged ≥18 years and newly diagnosed with leptospirosis. We also randomly selected a comparison cohort 14 796 in-patients from the general population by using a propensity score matching method (at a 1:4 ratio). We analyzed the risks of stroke by using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results: The adjusted hazard ratio (HR; 95% CI) of stroke for the leptospirosis group was 1.14 (0.93–1.38; P =0.200) as opposed to the comparison group after adjusting sex, age, and comorbidities. However, adjusted HR (95% CI) of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke was 1.01 (0.80–1.29) and 1.58 (1.12–2.23), respectively. The strength of association between leptospirosis and hemorrhagic stroke remained statistically significant after variation of leptospirosis and stroke definitions. The post hoc subgroup analysis indicated that a patient with leptospirosis had a significantly greater risk of hemorrhagic stroke in male (adjusted HR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.08–2.44]) and individuals between age 18 and 39 (adjusted HR, 3.67 [95% CI, 1.33–10.14]). The risk of hemorrhagic stroke among people with leptospirosis was highest in the first 2 years after diagnosis (adjusted HR, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.15–3.38]). Conclusions: A 2.49-fold risk of stroke was found among the leptospirosis cohort of aged younger than 39 years. Age acted as an effect modifier between the leptospirosis and risk of new-onset stroke.

scholarly journals Pediatric Ischemic Stroke and Epilepsy: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heléne E.K. Sundelin ◽  
Torbjörn Tomson ◽  
Johan Zelano ◽  
Jonas Söderling ◽  
Peter Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Background and Purpose: The risk of epilepsy after stroke has not been thoroughly explored in pediatric ischemic stroke. We examined the risk of epilepsy in children with ischemic stroke as well as in their first-degree relatives. Methods: In Swedish National Registers, we identified 1220 children <18 years with pediatric ischemic stroke diagnosed 1969 to 2016, alive 7 days after stroke and with no prior epilepsy. We used 12 155 age- and sex-matched individuals as comparators. All first-degree relatives to index individuals and comparators were also identified. The risk of epilepsy was estimated in children with ischemic stroke and in their first-degree relatives using Cox proportional hazard regression model. Results: Through this nationwide population-based study, 219 (18.0%) children with ischemic stroke and 91 (0.7%) comparators were diagnosed with epilepsy during follow-up corresponding to a 27.8-fold increased risk of future epilepsy (95% CI, 21.5–36.0). The risk of epilepsy was still elevated after 20 years (hazard ratio [HR], 7.9 [95% CI, 3.3–19.0]), although the highest HR was seen in the first 6 months (HR, 119.4 [95% CI, 48.0–297.4]). The overall incidence rate of epilepsy was 27.0 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 21.1–32.8) after ischemic stroke diagnosed ≤day 28 after birth (perinatal) and 11.6 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 9.6–13.5) after ischemic stroke diagnosed ≥day 29 after birth (childhood). Siblings and parents, but not offspring, to children with ischemic stroke were at increased risk of epilepsy (siblings: HR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.08–2.48] and parents: HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.01–1.98]). Conclusions: The risk of epilepsy after ischemic stroke in children is increased, especially after perinatal ischemic stroke. The risk of epilepsy was highest during the first 6 months but remained elevated even 20 years after stroke which should be taken into account in future planning for children affected by stroke.

Association of Dementia-Related Psychosis With Long-term Care Use and Death

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. e1620-e1631
Author(s):  
James B. Wetmore ◽  
Yi Peng ◽  
Heng Yan ◽  
Suying Li ◽  
Muna Irfan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

ObjectiveTo determine the association of dementia-related psychosis (DRP) with death and use of long-term care (LTC); we hypothesized that DRP would be associated with increased risk of death and use of LTC in patients with dementia.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed. Medicare claims from 2008 to 2016 were used to define cohorts of patients with dementia and DRP. Outcomes were LTC, defined as nursing home stays of >100 consecutive days, and death. Patients with DRP were directly matched to patients with dementia without psychosis by age, sex, race, number of comorbid conditions, and dementia index year. Association of DRP with outcomes was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model.ResultsWe identified 256,408 patients with dementia. Within 2 years after the dementia index date, 13.9% of patients developed DRP and 31.9% had died. Corresponding estimates at 5 years were 25.5% and 64.0%. Mean age differed little between those who developed DRP (83.8 ± 7.9 years) and those who did not (83.1 ± 8.7 years). Patients with DRP were slightly more likely to be female (71.0% vs 68.3%) and white (85.7% vs 82.0%). Within 2 years of developing DRP, 16.1% entered LTC and 52.0% died; corresponding percentages for patients without DRP were 8.4% and 30.0%, respectively. In the matched cohort, DRP was associated with greater risk of LTC (hazard ratio [HR] 2.36, 2.29–2.44) and death (HR 2.06, 2.02–2.10).ConclusionsDRP was associated with a more than doubling in the risk of death and a nearly 2.5-fold increase in risk of the need for LTC.

Abstract TP186: Incidence and Risk Factors for Stroke and All-Cause Mortality in Korean Adults Congenital Heart Diseases

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Man Jung ◽  
Hong Ju Shin ◽  
Jae-Young Kim ◽  
Woo-Keun Seo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Objective: To compare incidence of ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke and all-cause mortality in Korean adults congenital heart disease (ACHD) to that of control and scrutinize risk factors for these outcomes. Methods: Subjects aged over 20 were collected from the Korea National Health Insurance Service from 2006 through 2017. ACHD group as case was extracted from the diagnosis records related to CHD according to the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD 10). Those without CHD (control group) was selected as 4 controls for each patient through random sampling. We compared incidence rate of ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke and all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate relevant risk factors for each of outcomes. Results: Case and control group were 49,445 and 249,649, respectively. Age-adjusted rates of ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke and all-cause mortality in case was by about 4 times more higher than those of control. Cumulative survival plot demonstrated that ACHD was associated with ischemic stroke (HR 1.31 95% CI 1.25-1.36), hemorrhagic stroke (HR 1.49 95% CI 1.36-1.63), and all-cause mortality (HR 1.41 95% CI 1.35-1.46). Case group was associated with younger age, female, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation (all p <.001). In Cox proportional hazard model for ischemic stroke, diabetes (HR 2.13 95% CI 1.93-2.35) and coararctation of aorta (HR 1.54 95% CI 1.13 - 2.09) carried highest risk. In multivariable analysis for hemorrhagic stroke, hypertension (HR 2.28 95% CI 1.74-2.98) was highest risk factor. Multivariable analysis for all-cause mortality showed that congestive heart failure (HR 1.78 95% CI 1.65-1.92) and Eisenmenger syndrome (HR 2.91 95% CI 2.53-3.35) was highest risk factor. Conclusions: Korean ACHD patients have significantly higher incidence of co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, several heart diseases. They have a higher tendency of ischemic, hemorrhagic stroke and mortality. These findings suggest that medical surveillance and risk factor management is sustainedly needed for ACHD patients to reduce stroke and mortality in the future.

scholarly journals N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Predicts Long-Term Technique Failure in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Ter Chao ◽  
Chih-Kang Chiang ◽  
Jenq-Wen Huang ◽  
and Kuan-Yu Hung
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Hazard Regression ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽  
Technique Failure

: It is unclear whether N-terminal pro-brain type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level can be a biomarker for technique failure among long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We prospectively included end-stage renal disease patients undergoing PD from a single center between December 2011 and December 2017. We divided the cohort into high or low NT-proBNP groups and analyzed the risk factors associated with the incidence of technique failure using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. A total of 258 chronic PD patients (serum NT-proBNP, 582 ± 1216 ng/mL) were included. After a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, 49.6% of PD patients developed technique failure and switched to hemodialysis, while 15.5% died. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses accounting for age, gender, diabetes, renal clearance, C-reactive protein, and hydration status, showed that higher natural log transformed NT-proBNP levels (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13, p < 0.01) were predictive of an increased risk of technique failure, and were also predictive of an increased risk of mortality (HR 1.56, p < 0.01). Consequently, NT-proBNP might be an under-recognized biomarker for estimating the risk of technique failure, and regular monitoring NT-proBNP levels among PD patients may assist in their care.

Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a Cohort of 1,397 Danish Men and Women

Cardiology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Ellehoj ◽  
Laila Bendix ◽  
Merete Osler
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Objectives: Short leucocyte telomere length (LTL) might be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The present study examines the relation between LTL and incident fatal or non-fatal CVD, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in a Danish cohort followed for 29 years. Methods: In total, 1,397 men and women who participated in health examinations with blood sampling in 1981-1984 were followed for CVD outcomes until the end of 2012 by linkage to national registers. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyse the relation between LTL and CVD adjusting for potential confounding CVD risk factors. Results: During the follow-up, 603 participants experienced an incident fatal or non-fatal CVD. The survival analysis showed that baseline LTL was not associated with CVD outcomes. In the subanalysis with IHD as outcome, those with middle and short LTL had an increased hazard rate ratio of 1.97 (95% CI 1.31-2.93) and 1.55 (95% CI 1.02-2.35), respectively, which was attenuated when confounding factors were adjusted for. For stroke, the pattern of associations was similar but less precisely estimated. Conclusions: In this study short, LTL was not associated with an increased risk of CVD, but modestly associated with an increased risk of IHD.

scholarly journals Interface of Multiple Sclerosis, Depression, Vascular Disease, and Mortality

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (13) ◽  
pp. e1322-e1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Palladino ◽  
Jeremy Chataway ◽  
Azeem Majeed ◽  
Ruth Ann Marrie
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Depression Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Background and ObjectivesTo assess whether the association among depression, vascular disease, and mortality differs in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with age-, sex-, and general practice–matched controls.MethodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective matched cohort study between January 1, 1987, and September 30, 2018, that included people with MS and matched controls without MS from England, stratified by depression status. We used time-varying Cox proportional hazard regression models to test the association among MS, depression, and time to incident vascular disease and mortality. Analyses were also stratified by sex.ResultsWe identified 12,251 people with MS and 72,572 matched controls. At baseline, 21% of people with MS and 9% of controls had depression. Compared with matched controls without depression, people with MS had an increased risk of incident vascular disease regardless of whether they had comorbid depression. The 10-year hazard of all-cause mortality was 1.75-fold greater in controls with depression (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59–1.91), 3.88-fold greater in people with MS without depression (95% CI 3.66–4.10), and 5.43-fold greater in people with MS and depression (95% CI 4.88–5.96). Overall, the interaction between MS status and depression was synergistic, with 14% of the observed effect attributable to the interaction. Sex-stratified analyses confirmed differences in hazard ratios.DiscussionDepression is associated with increased risks of incident vascular disease and mortality in people with MS, and the effects of depression and MS on all-cause mortality are synergistic. Further studies should evaluate whether effectively treating depression is associated with a reduced risk of vascular disease and mortality.

scholarly journals The association between lymphocyte mitochondrial DNA abundance and Stroke: a combination of multivariable-adjusted survival and mendelian randomization analyses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon G Martens ◽  
JIAO LUO ◽  
Marieke J H Wermer ◽  
Ko Willems van Wijk ◽  
Sara Hagg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Risk Of Disease

Background and Purpose: Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with increased Reactive Oxygen Species that are thought to drive risk of disease, including stroke. We investigated the association between mtDNA abundance, as a proxy for mitochondrial function, and incident stroke using multivariable-adjusted survival and Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses. Methods: Cox-proportional hazard model analyses were conducted to assess the association between lymphocyte mtDNA abundance, and incident ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke over a maximum of 14-years follow-up in unrelated European-ancestry participants from UK Biobank. MR was conducted using independent (R2<0.001) lead variants for lymphocyte mtDNA abundance (p < 5x10-8) as instrumental variables. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-ischemic stroke associations were derived from three published open source European-ancestry results databases (cases/controls): MEGASTROKE (60,341/454,450), UK Biobank (2,404/368,771) and FinnGen (10,551/202,223). MR was performed per study, and results were subsequently meta-analyzed. Results: A total of 288,572 unrelated participants (46% men) with mean (SD) age of 57 (8) years were included in the cox-proportional hazard analyses. After correction for considered confounders (BMI, hypertension, cholesterol, T2D), no association was found between mtDNA abundance and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (lowest 20% versus highest 20%: ischemic stroke, hazard ratio, 1.06 [95% confidence interval 0.95, 1.18]; hemorrhagic stroke, hazard ratio 0.97 [95% confidence interval, 0.82, 1.15]). In line, in the MR analyses, we found no evidence for an association between genetically-influenced mtDNA abundance and ischemic stroke (odds ratio, 1.04; confidence interval, 0.95, 1.15).

3043Endotrophin, a fragment of collagen type VI, is correlated to IMT and associated with cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis and diabetes: the IMI-SUMMIT cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Holm Nielsen ◽  
I Goncalves ◽  
A Shore ◽  
A Natali ◽  
F Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Collagen Type ◽  
Atherosclerotic Disease ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Hazard Regression ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Collagen Type Vi ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Abstract Background/Introduction Patients with micro- and macrovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, have increased risk of cardiovascular events and early mortality. The atherosclerotic disease is characterised by accumulation of lipids, cells and proteins in the arterial wall, which includes remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen type VI (COL6) is known to be over-expressed in patients with atherosclerosis. The biomarker PRO-C6, known as endotrophin, is a COL6 fragment that reflects formation of collagen type VI, and possess pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic activities. Purpose We explored whether increased endotrophin levels, measured by PRO-C6, were associated with intima-media thickness (IMT) and mortality in the IMI-SUMMIT cohort. Methods Circulating protein levels of PRO-C6 were measured in EDTA plasma from 1500 patients enrolled at four European University Hospitals, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Follow-up data were available up to three years after sample collection. Associations between PRO-C6 and incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events and all-cause mortality were assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. Pearson correlation was performed to explore the association of PRO-C6, IMT and clinical variables. Known confounders defined by the Framingham Heart study (age, gender and diabetes) were included in the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Results Plasma PRO-C6 was significantly correlated with IMT in both the common carotid artery and the carotid bulb (r=0.09, p=0.002 and r=0.11, p=0.0003, respectively), HbA1c (r=0.11, p<0.0001) and C-reactive protein (r=0.14, p<0.0001). A total of 145 patients suffered from fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events during the three-year follow-up period. Patients in the highest PRO-C6 tertile had a two-fold increased risk of experiencing a CV event during follow-up (p=0.002), independently of age, presence of CVD at baseline, type 2 diabetes, smoking and statin treatment in a regression model. Conclusion The present findings demonstrate that circulating levels of PRO-C6 are associated with atherosclerosis severity and increased incidence of cardiovascular events. Since PRO-C6 detects the signaling molecule endotrophin, the results may indicate that endotrophin is not only a biomarker of atherosclerotic disease, but may have a role in promoting disease progression. Acknowledgement/Funding This work was supported by the Danish Research Foundation, The Danish innovation foundation and the IMI-SUMMIT participants

scholarly journals The cumulative dose-dependent effects of metformin on the development of tuberculosis in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunyoung Heo ◽  
Eunyoung Kim ◽  
Eun Jin Jang ◽  
Chang-Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cumulative Dose ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hazard Regression ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Metformin, which is an essential anti-diabetic drug, has been shown to exhibit anti-TB effects in patients with DM. Its effect on preventing the development of TB among patients who are newly diagnosed with DM remains unclear. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using the claims database of the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The study population included patients who were newly diagnosed with type 2 DM and who were treated with anti-diabetic drugs between 1 January 2003 and 31 March 2011. A patient was defined as a metformin user if he/she had taken metformin for more than 28 days within 6 months since cohort entry, and as a metformin non-user if he/she had never been treated with metformin. The development of TB within 2 years after the index date was compared by Cox proportional hazard regression models between metformin users and 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matched non-users. Results Among 76,973 patients who were newly diagnosed with type 2 DM, 13,396 were classified as metformin users, 52,736 were classified as metformin non-users, and 10,841 were excluded from the final analysis. PS-matched Cox proportional hazard regression models revealed that metformin use was not associated overall with the prevention of TB development (HR 1.17; 95% CI 0.75–1.83; P = 0.482). There was a trend, however, towards a reduction in the development of TB among patients taking a higher cumulative dose of metformin. Patients who were in the highest quartile (Q4) of cumulative metformin dose had only a 10% risk of developing TB compared to metformin non-users. In contrast, during the early phases of metformin treatment, patients in the second quartile (Q2) of cumulative metformin use had a higher risk of developing TB than patients in the first quartile (Q1). Conclusions Only the highest cumulative doses of metformin were protective against the development of TB among patients who were newly diagnosed with type 2 DM; lower cumulative doses of metformin did not appear to reduce the incidence of active TB infection.

scholarly journals Increased risk of non-multiple sclerosis demyelinating syndromes in patients with preexisting septicaemia: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1124) ◽  
pp. 307-313
Author(s):  
Chung-Hsing Chou ◽  
Jiunn-Tay Lee ◽  
Chia-Kuang Tsai ◽  
Li-Ming Lien ◽  
Jiu-Haw Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundGrowing evidence shows links between septicaemia and non-multiple sclerosis demyelinating syndromes (NMSDS); nevertheless, epidemiological data are still very limited. This study aimed to explore the relationship between septicaemia and NMSDS in a general population.MethodsThe study included 482 781 individuals diagnosed with septicaemia and 1 892 825 age/sex-matched non-septicaemia patients for the comparison. Data were drawn from a population-based nationwide National Health Insurance Research Database Taiwan, from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2011. The two cohorts of patients with and without septicaemia were followed up for the occurrence of NMSDS. The Cox-proportional hazard regression model was performed to estimate adjusted HR after multivariate adjustment.ResultsIndividuals with septicaemia had a 4.17-fold (95% CI 3.21 to 5.4, p < 0.001) higher risk to develop NMSDS compared with those without septicaemia. Patients aged <65 years had a greater NMSDS risk (<45 years: HR = 6.41, 95% CI 3.65 to 11.3, p < 0.001; 45–64 years: HR = 6.66, 95% CI 3.98 to 11.2, p < 0.001). Furthermore, females with septicaemia and individuals with higher severity of septicaemia were associated with increased risks of developing NMSDS.ConclusionsOur results indicated that patients with septicaemia were likely to develop NMSDS. A possible contributing role of septicaemia in increasing the hazard of NMSDS is proposed, based on the outcome that individuals with higher severity of septicaemia carried elevated threat of encountering NMSDS.

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