Pseudo-precision in Gene Expression Values Can Reduce Efficiency

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (05) ◽  
pp. 538-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Boes ◽  
K.-H. Jöckel ◽  
M. Neuhäuser
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
P Value ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Efficient Test ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test ◽  
Scanned Images ◽  
Level Analysis

Summary Objectives: When estimating the expression of genes based on the scanned images from microarrays various algorithms are applied in a so-called low-level analysis which can calculate expression values with an arbitrary number of digits beyond the decimal point. However, too many digits (decimal places) are usually not justified because they do not represent the precision of the measured expression. Thus, there is pseudo-precision and, as a result, there are no tied values. Methods: We suggest avoiding, or omitting, the pseudo-precision: ties can remain, or be created by rounding the computed expression values. Then, average ranks can be used in order to apply nonparametric tests when ties occur. We use two actual data sets and the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: We demonstrate that rounding gives a more efficient test, i.e. the average p-value is decreased and the number of p-values smaller than 0.05 is increased. Conclusions: The random noise of pseudo-precision can reduce the efficiency of statistical tests applied to detect differentially expressed genes. This result is, obviously, relevant in many other areas of our digitalized world.

Is There Significance beyond the T-Test?

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric G. Boyce ◽  
Jean M. Nappi
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test ◽  
Continuous Scale ◽  
Parametric Statistical Test ◽  
And Training ◽  
Normally Distributed

Choosing the most appropriate statistical test may be routine for statisticians, but not for clinicians. The t-test, a parametric statistical test, may be used inappropriately. This commentary describes the assumptions of and alternatives to the t-test. T-tests are used to compare two groups of data that are from a continuous scale and normally distributed. Determining if data are normally distributed can be difficult but selected methods can be useful. Two nonparametric tests, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test, may be more appropriate in analyzing data that are neither continuous nor normally distributed. Statistical results may vary with the test chosen. Investigators are responsible for using the appropriate statistical tests. Statisticians and texts can be consulted. Pharmacy educational and training programs may need further emphasis in the area of statistics.

HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA TERHADAP TINGKAT KEMANDIRIAN ANAK RETARDASI MENTAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Dwi Indah Iswanti ◽  
Fery Agusman Motuho Mendrofa ◽  
Diyanto Diyanto
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Need Support ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children

Kemandirian bukanlah keterampilan yang muncul secara tiba-tiba tetapi perlu diajarkan dan dilatih pada anak agar tidak menghambat tugas- tugas perkembangan anak selanjutnya. Terutama pada anak yang mengalami retardasi mental akan sangat membutuhkan dukungan dari keluarga. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan  dukungan keluarga dengan tingkat kemandirian anak retardasi mental di SLB Negeri Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh orang tua siswa kelas IV-VI di SLB Negeri Semarang yang berjumlah 64 siswa. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah total sampling. Dukungan keluarga pada anak retardasi mental sebagian besar adalah mendukung yaitu sebanyak 53,1%, kemandirian anak retardasi mental sebagian besar adalah kurang mandiri yaitu sebanyak 53,1%. Hasil uji statistik menemukan ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan kemandirian anak retardasi mental di SLB Negeri Semarang, dengan p value sebesar 0,000.   Kata kunci : dukungan keluarga, kemandirian anak retardasi mental THE CORRELATION BETWEEN FAMILY SUPPORT AND THE LEVEL OF INDEPENDENCE OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN   ABSTRACT Independence is not a skill that emerges suddenly but needs to be taught and trained in children so as not to inhibit the tasks of further child development. Especially for children who are mentally retarded, they will need support from the family. Research objectives to find out the correlation between family support and the level of independence of mentally retarded children in extraordinary school State of Semarang. This study uses a quantitative method with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all parents of students in class IV-VI in Semarang State SLB, amounting to 64 students. The sampling technique used is total sampling. Family support for mentally retarded children was mostly supportive, as much as 53.1%, the independence of most mentally retarded children was less independent, which was as much as 53.1%. The results of statistical tests found that there was a correlation between family support and the independence of mentally retarded children in Semarang State SLB, with a p value of 0,000.   Keywords: family support, independence of mentally retarded children

Analisis Faktor Determinan Pelaksanaan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini Oleh Bidan Di Rumah Sakit Umum Anutapura Palu

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Novita ◽  
Gusman Arsyad
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
Peer Support ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government

Implementation of IMD in hospitals has decreased from the previous year and has not reached the target set by the government. Some IMD implementation processes have not been carried out according to applicable standards. So that babies do not get an IMD in accordance with existing SOPs. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinant factors associated with the implementation of the IMD by midwives in the Midwifery and Maternity Room Emergency Room (IGD) at the Anutapura General Hospital in Palu. This research method is analytical with cross sectional approach. The population of this study was that all midwives in the obstetrics emergency room and maternity room at Anutapura Palu Hospital were 37 respondents. The sample in this study is total sampling. The analysis used was univariate, and bivariate analysis using the chi square test with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). The results of statistical tests on variable knowledge of midwives with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.018 (p value <0.05). APN training with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.697 (p value> 0.05). length of work with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.029 (p value <0.05). and peer support with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.007 (p value <0.05). Conclusions there is a relationship between knowledge, length of work, peer support with the implementation of the IMD, and training factors that have nothing to do with IMD implementation. The strongest factor in the relationship is peer support. It is recommended that the Anutarapura Palu Hospital be able to motivate midwives so that they can further enhance their role in the implementation and provide support to their colleagues so that the implementation of the IMD can be carried out in accordance with applicable standards.Keywords: Knowledge, APN Training, Duration of work, Implementation of IMD

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENDIDIKAN DAN PEKERJAAN IBU HAMIL DENGAN PEMERIKSAAN KEHAMILAN DI PUSKESMAS MARIANA KECAMATAN BANYUASIN I KABUPATEN BANYUASIN TAHUN 2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leny Leny
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Prenatal care is health care by health personnel to care the pregnant according to standards. Worlrd Health Organization (WHO) estimates more than 500.000 women die during pregnancy or childbirth. Maternal mortality in Indonesia is 307 per 100,000 live births. The quantity of pregnant women’s visit in Kabupaten Banyuasin in 2009 of 89.1%. The purpose of this study to determine the relationship between education and occupation with prenatal care at Puskesmas Mariana  Kecamatan Banyuasin I Kabupaten Banyuasin in 2011. This study uses analytic approach survey by Cross Sectional methods, the population are 1.946 pregnant women and the samples as many as 332 people. The results of univariate analysis study of pregnant women who are higher education as much as 45.2%, and  low maternal education as much as 54.8%. In pregnant women who work of 43.4%, and pregnant women who do not work for 56.6%. From the results of bivariate analysis and Chi-Square statistical tests found a significant association between education of pregnant women with prenatal care with P Value = 0.000, and there was a significant association between occupation of pregnant women with prenatal care with P Value = 0.000. Can be concluded that there is a relationship between education and occupation of pregnant women with prenatal care. Expected to health workers to provide counseling on the importance of prenatal care in pregnant women and expected future studies may explore again the factors associated with prenatal care with the different variables.   ABSTRAK Pemeriksaan kehamilan adalah pelayanan kesehatan oleh tenaga kesehatan untuk memeriksakan ibu hamil sesuai standar. World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan lebih dari 500.000 ibu pertahunnya meninggal saat hamil atau bersalin. AKI di Indonesia 307 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup. Jumlah kunjungan ibu hamil di Kabupaten Banyuasin tahun 2009 sebesar 89,1%. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pendidikan dan pekerjaan dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan di Puskesmas Mariana Kecamatan Banyuasin I Kabupaten Banyuasin tahun  2011. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional, populasi ibu hamil dengan jumlah 1.946 orang dan jumlah sampel sebanyak 332 orang. Hasil penelitian Analisa Univariat adalah ibu hamil yang pendidikan tinggi sebanyak 45,2%, dan pendidikan rendah ibu hamil sebanyak 54,8%. Pada variabel pekerjaan ibu hamil yang bekerja sebesar 43,4%, dan ibu hamil yang tidak bekerja sebesar 56,6%. Dari hasil analisa bivariat dan uji statistik Chi-Square  didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara pendidikan ibu hamil dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan dengan  P Value = 0,000, dan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pekerjaan ibu hamil dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan dengan P Value = 0,000. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan antara pendidikan dan pekerjaan ibu hamil dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan. Diharapkan kepada petugas kesehatan agar dapat memberikan penyuluhan tentang pentingnya pemeriksaan pada ibu hamil dan diharapkan penelitian yang akan datang dapat menggali lagi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan dengan variabel yang berbeda.

scholarly journals Association of interleukin-17A rs2275913 polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in Sudanese population

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110202
Author(s):  
Rgda Mohamed Osman ◽  
Mounkaila Noma ◽  
Abdallah Elssir Ahmed ◽  
Hanadi Abdelbagi ◽  
Rihab Ali Omer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Interleukin 17A ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. This study aimed to determine the association of interleukin-17A-197G/A polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis in Sudanese patients. Methods: A case–control study was conducted between March and December 2018. Clinical and demographic data of the study participants were collected and analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism molecular technique was done to investigate interleukin-17A-197G/A polymorphisms. All statistical tests were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results: The study population included 266 participants aged between 1 and 85 years, with an average of 40 years, classified into 85 (31.2%) cases (mean age 48.5 ± 11.3 years), and 181 (68.8%) controls (mean age 35.3 ± 15.9 years). The interleukin-17A homozygote AA genotype was more frequent among the control group compared to the case group; 95 (52.5%) and 7 (8.2%), respectively. The homozygote GG and the heterozygote AG genotypes were proportionally not different among the cases and control groups; 13 (54.2%) and 11 (45.8%), and 65 (46.4%) and 75 (53.6%), respectively. According to the distribution of interleukin-17A genotypes, a statistically significant difference was observed among cases with the interleukin-17A AA and AG genotypes, p values 0.001 and 0.004, respectively. For the association interleukin-17A genotypes and family history a negatively significant association was reported (95% confidence interval, –0.219, p value = 0.001). There was also a negatively significant association of interleukin-17A genotypes and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (95% confidence interval, −0.141, p value = 0.002). Conclusion: This study is the first study in Sudan established the association between interleukin-17A-197G/A (rs2275913) polymorphisms and susceptibly to rheumatoid arthritis. These findings appeal for further research in Sudan to investigate the exact role of IL-17A in immunopathology and disease severity among Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis

Belief Movement, Uncertainty Reduction, and Rational Updating*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Augenblick ◽  
Matthew Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Uncertainty Reduction ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
New Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Market Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

Abstract When a Bayesian learns new information and changes her beliefs, she must on average become concomitantly more certain about the state of the world. Consequently, it is rare for a Bayesian to frequently shift beliefs substantially while remaining relatively uncertain, or, conversely, become very confident with relatively little belief movement. We formalize this intuition by developing specific measures of movement and uncertainty reduction given a Bayesian’s changing beliefs over time, showing that these measures are equal in expectation and creating consequent statistical tests for Bayesianess. We then show connections between these two core concepts and four common psychological biases, suggesting that the test might be particularly good at detecting these biases. We provide support for this conclusion by simulating the performance of our test and other martingale tests. Finally, we apply our test to data sets of individual, algorithmic, and market beliefs.

Multicomponent microseismic data denoising by 3D shearlet transform

Geophysics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. A45-A51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Mirko van der Baan
Keyword(s):  
Noise Suppression ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Denoising Method ◽  
Shearlet Transform ◽  
Microseismic Data ◽  
Significant Step

The low-magnitude microseismic signals generated by fracture initiation are generally buried in strong background noise, which complicates their interpretation. Thus, noise suppression is a significant step. We have developed an effective multicomponent, multidimensional microseismic-data denoising method by conducting a simplified polarization analysis in the 3D shearlet transform domain. The 3D shearlet transform is very competitive in dealing with multidimensional data because it captures details of signals at different scales and orientations, which benefits signal and noise separation. We have developed a novel processing strategy based on a signal-detection operator that can effectively identify signal coefficients in the shearlet domain by taking the correlation and energy distribution of 3C microseismic signals into account. We perform tests on synthetic and real data sets and determine that the proposed method can effectively remove random noise and preserve weak signals.

scholarly journals Organic aerosol source apportionment in London 2013 with ME-2: exploring the solution space with annual and seasonal analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 15545-15559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Reyes-Villegas ◽  
David C. Green ◽  
Max Priestman ◽  
Francesco Canonaco ◽  
Hugh Coe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Paul Scherrer

Abstract. The multilinear engine (ME-2) factorization tool is being widely used following the recent development of the Source Finder (SoFi) interface at the Paul Scherrer Institute. However, the success of this tool, when using the a value approach, largely depends on the inputs (i.e. target profiles) applied as well as the experience of the user. A strategy to explore the solution space is proposed, in which the solution that best describes the organic aerosol (OA) sources is determined according to the systematic application of predefined statistical tests. This includes trilinear regression, which proves to be a useful tool for comparing different ME-2 solutions. Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) measurements were carried out at the urban background site of North Kensington, London from March to December 2013, where for the first time the behaviour of OA sources and their possible environmental implications were studied using an ACSM. Five OA sources were identified: biomass burning OA (BBOA), hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), semivolatile oxygenated OA (SVOOA) and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LVOOA). ME-2 analysis of the seasonal data sets (spring, summer and autumn) showed a higher variability in the OA sources that was not detected in the combined March–December data set; this variability was explored with the triangle plots f44 : f43 f44 : f60, in which a high variation of SVOOA relative to LVOOA was observed in the f44 : f43 analysis. Hence, it was possible to conclude that, when performing source apportionment to long-term measurements, important information may be lost and this analysis should be done to short periods of time, such as seasonally. Further analysis on the atmospheric implications of these OA sources was carried out, identifying evidence of the possible contribution of heavy-duty diesel vehicles to air pollution during weekdays compared to those fuelled by petrol.

Estimation of water stress in olive orchards through remote sensing data analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz Karime Atencia ◽  
María Gómez del Campo ◽  
Gema Camacho ◽  
Antonio Hueso ◽  
Ana M. Tarquis
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water

&lt;p&gt;Olive is the main fruit tree in Spain representing 50% of the fruit trees surface, around 2,751,255 ha. Due to its adaptation to arid conditions and the scarcity of water, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategy is normally applied in traditional olive orchards and recently to high density orchards. The application of RDI is one of the most important technique used in the olive hedgerow orchard. An investigation of the detection of water stress in nonhomogeneous olive tree canopies such as orchards using remote sensing imagery is presented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 2018 and 2019 seasons, data on stem water potential were collected to characterize tree water state in a hedgerow olive orchard cv. Arbequina located in Chozas de Canales (Toledo). Close to the measurement&amp;#8217;s dates, remote sensing images with spectral and thermal sensors were acquired. Several vegetation indexes (VI) using both or one type of sensors were estimated from the areas selected that correspond to the olive crown avoiding the canopy shadows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nonparametric statistical tests between the VIs and the stem water potential were carried out to reveal the most significant correlation. The results will be discussing in the context of robustness and sensitivity between both data sets at different phenological olive state.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ACKNOWLODGEMENTS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Financial support provided by the Spanish Research Agency co-financed with European Union FEDER funds (AEI/FEDER, UE, AGL2016-77282-C3-2R project) and Comunidad de Madrid through calls for grants for the completion of Industrial Doctorates, is greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparison between Low Level Diode Laser Therapy and Acyclovir Cream 5% in Treatment of Herpes Labialis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Hajian ◽  
Amir Mansour Shirani ◽  
Maryam Khosravi
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Laser Therapy ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
P Value ◽  
Herpes Labialis ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Acyclovir Cream

Introduction: Recurrent Herpes Labialis (RHL) is a common infection and occurs in 20 to 40% of the general population. Risk for transmission exists in dental treatments. There are several different treatments for it. The purpose of this study is a comparison between low-level Laser therapy (LLLT) and acyclovir cream for the treatment of it. Materials & Methods: This performed study was a semi-blind clinical trial in the Oral Medicine Department, Dental School, Islamic Azad University Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan) in the year 2015- 2016. 30 patients got divided into 2 similar groups. Patients in LLLT group, treated in 3 sessions every other day, received 660 nm laser irradiation,100mW,4 J/cm2, continuous, located at a distance of 1 mm from the lesion for 40 seconds. Patients in the medication group treated with 5% acyclovir cream five times a day. In both groups severity of pain and lesion size during treatment and healing time recorded. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests including independent T-test and Repeated Measures ANOVA ( p value < 0.05). Results: The laser group had better statistically findings for the median time for pain relief (p value < 0.001), and the median time for healing (p value < 0.001), the median lesions size two days after treatment (p value = 0.03), and four days after treatment (p value = 0.003). Conclusion: According to data analysis, laser 660 nm is more effective in pain relief and lesions size reduction and healing time than topical acyclovir in patients with herpes labialis.

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