scholarly journals Rebuttal to Dr. Radner`s letter: Different use of Radner Reading Charts and no methodological bias influencing the results

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Kortuem ◽  
Tobias Marx ◽  
Elke Karin Altpeter ◽  
Susanne Trauzettel-Klosinski ◽  
Stephan Kuester-Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Bias ◽  
Reading Charts

n.a.

Turning Oranges into Apples

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan W. Tingley
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Methodological Bias ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Repeated Samples

Documenting long-term changes in biological systems requires empirical studies that span time frames from decades to centuries. Such time spans generally preclude planned experiments, but revisiting historical research programs or sites and repeating past methods or resurveying sites are being used to infer long-term changes. However, the unplanned nature of such resurveys, along with the uncontrolled environment, in which time becomes one of the treatments, results in imperfectly repeated samples. This chapter reviews inherent problems of resurveys and summarizes methods that help account for imprecision and biases in methods for the design of resurveys and analysis of the resulting data. These methods can also be used to compare repeated measurements taken over short time spans (e.g., days, months, years), although such replicates often minimize bias by having been designed when the first sample was collected. Without such careful planning, however, methodological bias increases with the time elapsed between samples.

scholarly journals The Standardized Reading Charts in Ophthalmology

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-247
Author(s):  
Esra ŞAHLI ◽  
Aysun İDİL
Keyword(s):  
Reading Charts

A model for the effect of bias for cholesterol on the population at risk.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2256-2259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Kroll ◽  
M Ruddel ◽  
R J Elin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Methodological Bias ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The location of the Reference Value for an analyte within the population distribution affects the magnitude of error due to methodological bias. Using the gaussian distribution, we evaluated the effects of systematic and proportional biases of the method (positive and negative), mean value, and standard deviation on the magnitude of error. We chose four Reference Values for cholesterol as a model. For a population with a mean of 2.0 and SD of 0.36 g of cholesterol per liter, a 3% positive proportional bias causes sixfold more error at the 50th percentile than at the 97.5th. In general, the error for a given bias (proportional or systematic) is greater for a Reference Value within the body than at the tails of the distribution. Further, the magnitude of the error varies as a function of the mean and standard deviation of the population.

Blinding Strategies in Dry Needling Trials: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 1461-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity A Braithwaite ◽  
Julie L Walters ◽  
Lok Sze Katrina Li ◽  
G Lorimer Moseley ◽  
Marie T Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Dry Needling ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Methodological Bias ◽  
Tactile Sensations ◽  
Effectiveness Data

Abstract Background Blinding of participants and therapists in trials of physical interventions is a significant and ongoing challenge. There is no widely accepted sham protocol for dry needling. Purpose The purpose of this review was to summarize the effectiveness and limitations of blinding strategies and types of shams that have been used in dry needling trials. Data Sources Twelve databases were searched from inception to February 2016. Study Selection Trials that compared active dry needling with a sham that simulated dry needling were included. Data Extraction The main domains of data extraction were participant/therapist details, intervention details, blinding strategies, blinding assessment outcomes, and key conclusions of authors. Reported blinding strategies and sham types were synthesized descriptively, with available blinding effectiveness data synthesized using a chance-corrected measurement of blinding (blinding index). Data Synthesis The search identified 4894 individual publications with 27 trials eligible for inclusion. In 22 trials, risk of methodological bias was high or unclear. Across trials, blinding strategies and sham types were heterogeneous. Notably, no trials attempted therapist blinding. Sham protocols have focused on participant blinding using strategies related to group standardization and simulation of tactile sensations. There has been little attention given to the other senses or cognitive strategies to enhance intervention credibility. Nonpenetrating sham types may provide effective participant blinding. Limitations Trials were clinically and methodologically diverse, which limited the comparability of blinding effectiveness across trials. Reported blinding evaluations had a high risk of chance findings with power clearly achieved in only 1 trial. Conclusions Evidence-based consensus on a sham protocol for dry needling is required. Recommendations provided in this review may be used to develop sham protocols so that future protocols are more consistent and potentially more effective.

Reptiles as Reservoirs of Bacterial Infections: Real Threat or Methodological Bias?

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Zancolli ◽  
Dieter Mahsberg ◽  
Wiebke Sickel ◽  
Alexander Keller
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Methodological Bias

scholarly journals Repeatability of the Universiti Teknologi MARA reading charts

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Halilah Buari ◽  
Nur Hidayah Yusuf ◽  
Adib Mohd Satali ◽  
Ai Hong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Random Sequence ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Good Consistency ◽  
Reading Charts ◽  
Intra Class Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Good Agreement

Objective: This study was done to investigate the repeatability measurements in reading rate using the Universiti Teknologi MARA Malay related words (UiTM-Mrw) reading chart and Universiti Teknologi MARA Malay unrelated words (UiTM-Muw) reading chart. Methodology: Thirty normally sighted participants were randomly recruited through randomised sampling (mean age =21.5±1.1 years). Participants were instructed to read aloud, clearly and as quickly as possible at 2 different sessions using two different charts. The two charts were selected at random sequence. A minimum of 7 days interval was used to minimize the learning affect. The time taken to read each chart was recorded and any errors while reading was noted. Reading performance was quantified as reading rate in words per minute (wpm). Results: Comparison of reading rate between session 1 and session 2 was not significantly different (p=0.894, df=1, F=0.018) for UiTM-Mrw reading chart. The reading rate between session 1 and 2 also showed no significant difference (p=0.99, df=1, F=2.811) in UiTM-Muw reading chart. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) showed a good consistency in repeatability for both UiTM-Mrw reading chart and UiTM-Muw reading chart with ICC values of 0.849 and 0.814 respectively. The Bland and Altman plot between measurement of reading rate in session 1 and session 2 showed a good agreement in UiTM-Mrw reading chart and UiTM-Muw reading chart. Conclusion: Both UiTM-Mrw reading chart and UiTM-Mur reading chart showed a good consistency and good agreement in repeated measurement of reading rate.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(3) 2015 p.236-240

scholarly journals Methodological Bias That Can Reduce (or Affect) the Process of Diagnostic Construction in Clinical Settings

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Iudici ◽  
Elena Faccio ◽  
Gianluca Castelnuovo ◽  
Gian Piero Turchi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Methodological Bias

scholarly journals Evidence of Arithmetical Uncertainty in Estimation of Light and Water Use Efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meetpal S. Kukal ◽  
Suat Irmak
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Methodological Bias ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation

It was demonstrated that conventional resource use efficiency (RUE) estimation methodology is largely subject to arithmetic weakness. Extensive field research data on aboveground biomass (AGB), absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) in maize, soybean, sorghum, and winter wheat confirmed this methodological bias for light use efficiency (LUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) estimation. LUE and WUE were derived using cumulated (data aggregates across samplings) and independent (data increments across samplings) approaches. Use of cumulated data yielded strong-but-false correlation between AGB and APAR or ETc, being a statistical artefact. RUE values from an independent approach were substantially lower than that from a cumulated approach with greater standard errors. Overall, a cumulated approach tends to oversimplify the complex interactions among carbon and resource coupling in agroecosystems, which is accurately represented when employing an independent approach instead.

scholarly journals OSA Upper Airways Surgery: A Targeted Approach

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 690
Author(s):  
Andrea De Vito ◽  
B. Tucker Woodson ◽  
Venkata Koka ◽  
Giovanni Cammaroto ◽  
Giannicola Iannella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Methodological Bias

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is a multi-factorial disorder, with quite complex endotypes, consisting of anatomical and non-anatomical pathophysiological factors. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is recognized as the first-line standard treatment for OSA, whereas upper airway (UA) surgery is often recommended for treating OSA patients who have refused or cannot tolerate CPAP. The main results achievable by the surgery are UA expansion, and/or stabilization, and/or removal of the obstructive tissue to different UA levels. The site and pattern of UA collapse identification is of upmost importance in selecting the customized surgical procedure to perform, as well as the identification of the relation between anatomical and non-anatomical factors in each patient. Medical history, sleep studies, clinical examination, UA endoscopy in awake and drug-induced sedation, and imaging help the otorhinolaryngologist in selecting the surgical candidate, identifying OSA patients with mild UA collapsibility or tissue UA obstruction, which allow achievement of the best surgical outcomes. Literature data reported that the latest palatal surgical procedures, such as expansion sphincter palatoplasty or barbed reposition palatoplasty, which achieve soft palatal and lateral pharyngeal wall remodeling and stiffening, improved the Apnea Hypopnea Index, but the outcome analyses are still limited by methodological bias and the limited number of patients’ in each study. Otherwise, the latest literature data have also demonstrated the role of UA surgery in the improvement of non-anatomical factors, confirming that a multidisciplinary and multimodality diagnostic and therapeutical approach to OSA patients could allow the best selection of customized treatment options and outcomes.

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