Fetal Biometry: A Method for Comparing Local Curve Populations with Those from Major Reference Standards

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 757-764
Author(s):  
Anna Seidenari ◽  
Floriana Carbone ◽  
Paolo Ivo Cavoretto ◽  
Enrico Ferrazzi ◽  
Gianluigi Pilu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Polynomial Method ◽  
Fetal Biometry ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Fractional Polynomial ◽  
Growth Standard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study aimed to present a statistical method for assessing potential differences between fetal growth standard curves and local curve population. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This was an observational repeated measures longitudinal study. We used a simulation model to generate random distribution of the international population from the IG-21st for fetal AC using the original equations of means and standard deviations (SD) obtained by the fractional polynomial method. A general linear model (GLM) allowed us to calculate new equations originating from simulated intergrowth-21st data (SIM_IG21st) and to compare them, by visual inspection of the estimated coefficients and their 95% CI, with the original published. We used further GLMs for evaluating the goodness of fitting of our local curve and comparing the relative equations of means and SD with those of SIM_IG21st. Finally, the impact of percentile differences between the 2 curves was quantified. <b><i>Results:</i></b> SIM_IG21st data yielded very similar coefficients than those of IG-21st reference to such an extent that means and SD and percentiles of interest were identical to the original. The comparison between SIM_IG21st curve and local curves showed a nonsignificant intercept and a slight difference of the 2 slopes (GA and GA<sup>3</sup>) for the equations of the mean. As a result, the local curve resulted in greater AC values. A difference in the intercept but not in the slopes (GA<sup>2</sup>, GA<sup>3</sup>, and GA<sup>3</sup> * lnGA) was instead reported for the equations of the SD. In the percentile comparison, the local curve resulted in an overestimation of the 3rd and the 10th percentile that corresponded to the 4th and 12th percentiles of SIM_IG21st, respectively. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This statistical method allows sonographers to assess potential differences between standard curves and local curve population, enabling a more proper identification of abnormal growth trajectories.

scholarly journals Role of Occupational Footwear and Prolonged Walking on Lower Extremity Muscle Activation during Maximal Exertions and Postural Stability Tasks

Biomechanics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-213
Author(s):  
Harish Chander ◽  
Sachini N. K. Kodithuwakku Arachchige ◽  
Alana J. Turner ◽  
Reuben F. Burch V ◽  
Adam C. Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle ◽  
Prolonged Duration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Background: Occupational footwear and a prolonged duration of walking have been previously reported to play a role in maintaining postural stability. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the impact of three types of occupational footwear: the steel-toed work boot (ST), the tactical work boot (TB), and the low-top work shoe (LT) on previously unreported lower extremity muscle activity during postural stability tasks. Methods: Electromyography (EMG) muscle activity was measured from four lower extremity muscles (vastus medialis (VM), medial hamstrings (MH), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) during maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) and during a sensory organization test (SOT) every 30 min over a 4 h simulated workload while wearing ST, TB, and LT footwear. The mean MVIC and the mean and percentage MVIC during each SOT condition from each muscle was analyzed individually using a repeated measures ANOVA at an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for maximal exertions, but this was limited to only the time main effect. No significant differences existed for EMG measures during the SOT. Conclusion: The findings suggest that occupational footwear type does not influence lower extremity muscle activity during both MVIC and SOT. Significantly lower muscle activity during maximal exertions over the course of the 4 h workload was evident, which can be attributed to localized muscular fatigue, but this was not sufficient to impact muscle activity during postural stability tasks.

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management on Adjustment among Females with Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farkhondeh Jamshidi ◽  
Arezoo Shayan ◽  
Mahtab Sattari
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stress Management ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Background and Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) on adjustment among females with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 104 women with breast cancer who visited Hamedan Imam Khomeini Clinic between Feb 3 and Oct 26, 2016, and met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria included being 20 to 60 years old, being married, and having grade 1-3 breast cancer with a history of recent surgery. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of 52 subjects, using a permuted block size of 4. The intervention group participated in 4 sessions of CBSM, each 90 minutes long, for a duration of 4 weeks. Data collection was done using a demographic information questionnaire and Bell adjustment questionnaire. The statistical analyst remained unaware of the intervention assignment. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean scores of the total adjustment (P = 0,0001) between the two groups after the intervention. Each variable was calculated three times, prior to the intervention, immediately after and 2 weeks after the intervention. Regardless of the time of measurement, there was a significant difference in the mean score of total adjustment between the two groups (P = 0.0001). Conclusion : The cognitive-behavioral stress management program improved the adjustment immediately and 2 weeks after the intervention was done among women with breast cancer. This method can be implemented as a complementary approach along with medical therapies provided by oncology centers.

scholarly journals The Impact of Multiple Rounds of Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria Incidence and Hemoglobin Levels in a High-Transmission Setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Zinszer ◽  
Katia Charland ◽  
Sarah Vahey ◽  
Deepa Jahagirdar ◽  
John C Rek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Transmission Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is widely used as a vector control measure, although there are conflicting findings of its effectiveness in reducing malaria incidence. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of multiple IRS rounds on malaria incidence and hemoglobin levels in a cohort of children in rural southeastern Uganda. Methods The study was based upon a dynamic cohort of children aged 0.5–10 years enrolled from August 2011 to June 2017 in Nagongera Subcounty. Confirmed malaria infections and hemoglobin levels were recorded over time for each participant. After each of 4 rounds of IRS, malaria incidence, hemoglobin levels, and parasite density were evaluated and compared with pre-IRS levels. Analyses were carried out at the participant level while accounting for repeated measures and clustering by household. Results Incidence rate ratios comparing post-IRS to pre-IRS incidence rates for age groups 0–3, 3–5, and 5–11 were 0.108 (95% confidence interval [CI], .078–.149), 0.173 (95% CI, .136–.222), and 0.226 (95% CI, .187–.274), respectively. The mean hemoglobin levels significantly increased from 11.01 (pre-IRS) to 12.18 g/dL (post-IRS). Conclusions Our study supports the policy recommendation of IRS usage in a stable and perennial transmission area to rapidly reduce malaria transmission.

scholarly journals Chinese Fetal Biometry: Establishment of a Formula for Calculating Gestational Age based on Crown–Rump Length Measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixiu Zhang ◽  
Hua Meng ◽  
Yuxin Jiang ◽  
Zhonghui Xu ◽  
Yunshu Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Fetal Biometry ◽  
Fractional Polynomial ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: To develop an ultrasonographic dating formula for predicting gestational age (GA) based on fetal crown–rump length (CRL) in a Chinese population, evaluate its systematic prediction error and compare it with existing formulae.Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of spontaneously conceived singleton pregnancies among women with a regular menstrual cycle in the preceding year. Ultrasound examinations were performed at 11–14 weeks according to the date of the last menstrual cycle. The CRL was measured three times for each fetus, and the mean was used to derive the best-fit fractional polynomial regression model for estimation of GA in relation to CRL. For each fetus, the GA was compared with the GA calculated using six established dating formulae based on CRL measurements. The means of the differences between estimated and menstrual age were calculated for each formula. All the women were followed up routinely until the birth of the fetus. Results: Of the 4710 subjects recruited, the mean and standard deviation values of CRL changed linearly with GA. The corresponding regression equation and its correlation coefficient (R2) was GA = 59.361513 + 0.461425 ´ CRL (R2 = 0.8028). The mean difference between estimated and menstrual age was 0.22 days (95% confidence interval 0.05–0.21), lower than that of the six existing CRL dating formulae.Conclusions: We have derived a CRL-based dating formula suitable for naturally conceived pregnancies for GA between 11+0 and 13+6 weeks. The formula has no systematic prediction error, comparing favorably with the existing published dating formulae.

scholarly journals Cabaud Memorial Award: Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis Alters Regional Distribution of Contact Stress in the Lateral Knee Compartment under Simulated Pivoting Loads: An In Vitro Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7_suppl6) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0036
Author(s):  
Herve Ouanezar ◽  
Hamidreza Jahandar ◽  
Zaid Zayyad ◽  
Thomas Fraychineaud ◽  
Daniel Hurwit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Contact Stress ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Lateral Compartment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reconstructed Knee

Objectives: Residual laxity after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) may adversely impact patient outcomes and function and has led to the increasing utilization of lateral extra-articular augmentation procedures in conjunction with ACLR and specifically, Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis (LET). However, concerns of overconstraining the lateral compartment and subsequent increased lateral compartment contact stress and accelerated degenerative changes have been suggested with LET procedures. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to assess the impact of a LET on contact mechanics of the lateral compartment in response to multiplanar torques representing pivoting maneuvers. Methods: Nine cadaveric knees (4 male, 37.4 ± 11.6 years old) were mounted to a robotic manipulator equipped with a six-axis force-torque sensor. The robot applied multiplanar torques simulating two types of pivot shift (PS) maneuvers, subluxing the lateral compartment, at 30° of knee flexion. The following loading combinations were applied: (PS1) 8 Nm of valgus and 4 Nm of internal rotation torques; (PS2) 100 N compression force, 8 Nm valgus torque, 2 Nm internal rotation torque, and 30 N anterior force. Kinematics were recorded in the following states: ACL intact, sectioned, reconstructed and, finally, after sectioning the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and kaplan fibers and performing a LET. ACLR was performed utilizing a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft, via medial parapatellar arthrotomy. LET was performed using a modified lemaire technique with a metal staple femoral fixation at 60° of flexion in neutral rotation. A contact stress transducer was then sutured to the tibial plateau beneath the menisci and the previously-determined kinematics were replayed, while recording the lateral compartment contact stress. At the peak applied loads, the following measures were determined in the lateral compartment: contact force, contact area, the anterior-posterior (AP) location of the center of contact stress (CCS), the mean contact stress, and the peak contact stress and its AP location. Statistical differences were assessed via one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Student-Neumen-Keuls post hoc test (p< 0.05). Results: Under combined valgus and internal rotation torques (PS1), the addition of a LET to ACLR increased lateral compartment contact force compared to the native knee by 51 ± 51 N (p = 0.035) on average. Contact area also increased by 60 ± 56 mm2 and 61 ± 58 mm2 relative to the ACL intact and ACL reconstructed knee (p ≤ 0.002), respectively. LET also shifted anteriorly the CCS by 4.6 ± 3.6 mm and 5.7 ± 3.1 mm on average relative to the ACL intact and ACL reconstructed knees (p < 0.001) (Fig. 1). No differences were detected for the mean and peak lateral compartment contact stress with the addition of LET compared to the ACL intact or ACL reconstructed knee (p> 0.854). The location of peak contact stress, however, shifted anteriorly compared to the ACL intact and ACL reconstructed knees by 6.2 ± 5.7 mm and 7.6 ± 5.4 mm (p < 0.001). (Fig.1). Similar results were observed under multiplanar torques with compression (PS2) for all outcome measures. Conclusion: In response to multiplanar torques representing pivoting maneuvers, the addition of a LET to ACLR, in the presence of compromised anterolateral tissues, did not increase lateral compartment contact stress. As contact force increased with the addition of LET, so did the contact area, likely mitigating changes in the level of contact stress. LET shifted the contact location anteriorly thereby altering regional loading of the lateral articular cartilage. Further study of the impact of changes in regional loading patterns in the lateral compartment on cartilage degeneration is warranted. [Figure: see text]

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: An Examination of Dosage in Relation to Probe Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Julie L. Wambaugh ◽  
Lydia Kallhoff ◽  
Christina Nessler
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Practice Schedule ◽  
Practice Schedules ◽  
Baseline Performance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study was designed to examine the association of dosage and effects of Sound Production Treatment (SPT) for acquired apraxia of speech. Method Treatment logs and probe data from 20 speakers with apraxia of speech and aphasia were submitted to a retrospective analysis. The number of treatment sessions and teaching episodes was examined relative to (a) change in articulation accuracy above baseline performance, (b) mastery of production, and (c) maintenance. The impact of practice schedule (SPT-Blocked vs. SPT-Random) was also examined. Results The average number of treatment sessions conducted prior to change was 5.4 for SPT-Blocked and 3.9 for SPT-Random. The mean number of teaching episodes preceding change was 334 for SPT-Blocked and 179 for SPT-Random. Mastery occurred within an average of 13.7 sessions (1,252 teaching episodes) and 12.4 sessions (1,082 teaching episodes) for SPT-Blocked and SPT-Random, respectively. Comparisons of dosage metric values across practice schedules did not reveal substantial differences. Significant negative correlations were found between follow-up probe performance and the dosage metrics. Conclusions Only a few treatment sessions were needed to achieve initial positive changes in articulation, with mastery occurring within 12–14 sessions for the majority of participants. Earlier occurrence of change or mastery was associated with better follow-up performance. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12592190

Income and Life Quality of Farmer Households Suffering Social Exclusion

2012 ◽  
pp. 63-87
Author(s):  
Anh Mai Ngoc ◽  
Ha Do Thi Hai ◽  
Huyen Nguyen Thi Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Economic Aspect ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The Impact

This study uses descriptive statistical method to analyze the income and life qual- ity of 397 farmer households who are suffering social exclusion in an economic aspect out of a total of 725 households surveyed in five Northern provinces of Vietnam in 2010. The farmers’ opinions of the impact of the policies currently prac- ticed by the central government and local authorities to give them access to the labor market are also analyzed in this study to help management officers see how the poli- cies affect the beneficiaries so that they can later make appropriate adjustments.

Efektivitas Comprehensive Breastfeeding Education terhadap Keberhasilan Pemberian Air Susu Ibu Postpartum

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Nurbaeti ◽  
Kustati Budi Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Breastfeeding Support ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Breastfeeding Education ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

Pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) masih merupakan masalah bagi pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi bayi baru lahir. Dukungan agar ibu menyusui bayi merupakan hal penting dalam menginisiasi dan mempertahankan pemberian ASI. Strategi dibutuhkan untuk mendukung keberhasilan menyusui. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis efektivitas comprehensive breastfeeding education terhadap keberhasilan pemberian (ASI) pada periode postpartum. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan kuasi eksperimen one group pre post test repeated measured design. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 22 ibu dengan menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan pada bulan September–Oktober 2013 di Puskesmas wilayah Kota Tangerang Selatan. Intervensi dilakukan selama 30 menit. Pengumpulan data dilakukan sebelum intervensi, 3 hari setelah intervensi (post1), dan 10 hari setelah intervensi (post 2). Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi. Keberhasilan pemberian ASI berdasar pada parameter pengetahuan, langkah menyusui, perlekatan bayi, dan kecukupan ASI. Analisis data menggunakan general linear model repeated measureANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya signifikansi comprehensive breastfeeding education (p=0.001). Rata-rata keberhasilan pemberian ASI sebelum dan setelah intervensi meningkat. Sebesar 93,9% intervensi memengaruhi tingkat keberhasilan. Rata-rata sebelum intervensi 56,74 (SD 5,92), post 1 sebesar 60,83 (SD 6,38) dan post2 sebesar 74,55 (SD 5,32). Subvariabel yang memiliki efek secara signifikan setelah intervensi adalah pengetahuan (p=0.001) dan langkah menyusui (p=0.001), sedangkan subvariabel perlekatan bayi (p=0.061) dan kecukupan ASI (p=0.162) tidak secara signifikan berbeda antara sebelum dan setelah intervensi. Pelaksanaanbreastfeeding education disarankan pada ibu agar dapat melakukan posisi perlekatan bayi yang benar sehingga dapat mengurangi masalah-masalah berkaitan dengan perlekatan yang tidak sesuai seperti puting perih, lecet atau berdarah, dan bayi kurang puas dalam menyusu yang bisa mengakibatkan gagalnya program ASI ekslusif.Kata kunci:Menyusui, pendidikan, perlekatan, postpartum AbstractBreastfeeding have still been problem for adequate newborn nutrition. Adequate breastfeeding support is essential for mothers to initiate and maintain optimal breastfeeding practices. A strategic needed to support successful breastfeeding. The purpose of research is to analyze the effectiveness comprehensive breastfeeding education on successful breastfeeding at postpartum periods. A quasi-experimental one group pretest, post test, repeated mesaured was used. This study was conducted at public health in Tangerang Selatan municipality in September–October 2013 among 22 postpartum mothers, convenience sampling methods. Intervention was done 30 minute. Data were collected before intervention (pretest), third day after intervention (post 1) and tenth day after intervention (repeated/post 2) using four parameter, that are knowledge, breastfeeding steps, proper lacth-on and adequate breastmilk. Using repeated measures analysis of variance there was a significant increase (p=0.001) in the overall Successful breastfeeding mean. Around 93,9% the effectiveness of intervention influence on successful. The mean before intervention is 56,74 (SD 5,92), increased at post 1:60,83 (SD 6,38) and post 2:74,55 (SD 5,32). Subvariable which has effect significantly after intervention is knowledge (p=0.001) and breastfeeding steps (p=0.001), in contrary, proper latch-on (p=0,061) and adequate breastmilk (p=0.162) have no significant effect after intervention. Suggestion to support breastfeeding education and counselling proper latch-on adequately that can decrease the problem such as painful, creaks or bloody putting.Key words: Breastfeeding, education, latch-on, postpartum

Impact of changing rainfall conditions on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed in Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Rainfall Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Groundwater Reserves ◽  
The Impact

The present study concerns the impact of a change in the rainfall regime on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed. The research is conducted in a gauged mountainous watershed (15.18 km2) that is located on the eastern side of Penteli Mountain, in the prefecture of Attica, Greece and the study period concerns the years from 2003 to 2008. The decrease in the annual rainfall depth during the last two hydrological years 2006-2007, 2007-2008 is 10% and 35%, respectively, in relation to the average of the previous years. In addition, the monthly distribution of rainfall is characterized by a distinct decrease in winter rainfall volume. The field measurements show that this change in rainfall conditions has a direct impact on the surface runoff of the watershed, as well as on the groundwater reserves. The mean annual runoff in the last two hydrological years has decreased by 56% and 75% in relation to the average of the previous years. Moreover, the groundwater level follows a declining trend and has dropped significantly in the last two years.

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