scholarly journals COVID-19 and Obesity: Overlapping of Two Pandemics

Obesity Facts ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Maria Alessandra Gammone ◽  
Nicolantonio D’Orazio
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has recently led to worldwide research efforts to identify subjects at greater risk of developing more severe illness: overall obesity displayed a strong correlation with critical illness and major severity of COVID-19 manifestations. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Obesity and metabolic disorders are closely linked to chronic systemic inflammation. The adipose tissue constitutes a source of cytokines, which configure a low-grade inflammation and a hypercoagulation status; in addition, diagnosis and care of obese patients are often complicated by excess weight and ventilation difficulties. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> This review aims to examine the intersection between obesity and adverse outcomes of COVID-19, in order to investigate its preventive and/or therapeutic potential in the management of obesity-related COVID-19 complications.

scholarly journals Mechanism-Based Biomarker Prediction for Low-Grade Inflammation in Liver and Adipose Tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanda H. M. van Bilsen ◽  
Willem van den Brink ◽  
Anita M. van den Hoek ◽  
Remon Dulos ◽  
Martien P. M. Caspers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Hepatic Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes have a large impact on global health, especially in industrialized countries. Tissue-specific chronic low-grade inflammation is a key contributor to complications in metabolic disorders. To support therapeutic approaches to these complications, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the inflammatory dynamics and to monitor them on the individual level. To this end, blood-based biomarkers reflecting the tissue-specific inflammatory dynamics would be of great value. Here, we describe an in silico approach to select candidate biomarkers for tissue-specific inflammation by using a priori mechanistic knowledge from pathways and tissue-derived molecules. The workflow resulted in a list of candidate markers, in part consisting of literature confirmed biomarkers as well as a set of novel, more innovative biomarkers that reflect inflammation in the liver and adipose tissue. The first step of biomarker verification was on murine tissue gene-level by inducing hepatic inflammation and adipose tissue inflammation through a high-fat diet. Our data showed that in silico predicted hepatic markers had a strong correlation to hepatic inflammation in the absence of a relation to adipose tissue inflammation, while others had a strong correlation to adipose tissue inflammation in the absence of a relation to liver inflammation. Secondly, we evaluated the human translational value by performing a curation step in the literature using studies that describe the regulation of the markers in human, which identified 9 hepatic (such as Serum Amyloid A, Haptoglobin, and Interleukin 18 Binding Protein) and 2 adipose (Resistin and MMP-9) inflammatory biomarkers at the highest level of confirmation. Here, we identified and pre-clinically verified a set of in silico predicted biomarkers for liver and adipose tissue inflammation which can be of great value to study future development of therapeutic/lifestyle interventions to combat metabolic inflammatory complications.

scholarly journals Osteopontin Expression in Human and Murine Obesity: Extensive Local Up-Regulation in Adipose Tissue but Minimal Systemic Alterations

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 1350-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian W. Kiefer ◽  
Maximilian Zeyda ◽  
Jelena Todoric ◽  
Joakim Huber ◽  
René Geyeregger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Obesity is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue (AT) that may underlie the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein involved in various inflammatory processes, cell migration, and tissue remodeling. Because these processes occur in the AT of obese patients, we studied in detail the regulation of OPN expression in human and murine obesity. The study included 20 morbidly obese patients and 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects, as well as two models (diet-induced and genetic) of murine obesity. In high-fat diet-induced and genetically obese mice, OPN expression was drastically up-regulated in AT (40 and 80-fold, respectively) but remained largely unaltered in liver (&lt;2-fold). Moreover, OPN plasma concentrations remained unchanged in both murine models of obesity, suggesting a particular local but not systemic importance for OPN. OPN expression was strongly elevated also in the AT of obese patients compared with lean subjects in both omental and sc AT. In addition, we detected three OPN isoforms to be expressed in human AT and, strikingly, an obesity induced alteration of the OPN isoform expression pattern. Analysis of AT cellular fractions revealed that OPN is exceptionally highly expressed in AT macrophages in humans and mice. Moreover, OPN expression in AT macrophages was strongly up-regulated by obesity. In conclusion, our data point toward a specific local role of OPN in obese AT. Therefore, OPN could be a critical regulator in obesity induced AT inflammation and insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Lipid Profiles and Interleukin-6 in Obese Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Frihastina Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Abstract. Obesity can cause a state of chronic low-grade inflammation due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipose tissue which is not followed by the formation of balanced vascularization. Interleukin-6 is one of the mediators of inflammation that results from obesity. Changes in lifestyle during fasting for the entire month of Ramadan are thought to have an effect on the lipid profile and inflammatory mediators. Method. This research is a prospective cohort observational study conducted in March 2019-May 2019 endocrine polyclinic outpatient clinic Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan in 30 subjects. Anthropometric measurements and examination of lipid profiles and IL-6 levels, one week before Ramadan fasting and the fourth week of Ramadan. Results. This study showed that there were significant differences in total cholesterol and HDL levels in the study subjects before and after Ramadan fasting (p <0.001; p = 0.049). Also found significant differences in median IL-6 study subjects before and after Ramadan fasting (p <0.001). Conclusion. There was a decrease in levels of IL-6, a decrease in total cholesterol and a statistically significant increase in HDL in obese patients undergoing Ramadan fasting.

scholarly journals Adipocytokines in obesity and metabolic disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. T47-T59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiming Cao
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Metabolic Inflammation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

The current global obesity pandemic is the leading cause for the soaring rates of metabolic diseases, especially diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis. Efforts devoted to find cures for obesity and associated disorders in the past two decades have prompted intensive interest in adipocyte biology, and have led to major advances in the mechanistic understanding of adipose tissue as an essential endocrine organ. Adipose tissue secretes an array of hormones (adipokines) that signal key organs to maintain metabolic homeostasis, and their dysfunction has been causally linked to a wide range of metabolic diseases. In addition, obesity induces production of inflammatory cytokines (often referred to together with adipokines as adipocytokines) and infiltration of immune cells into adipose tissue, which creates a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. Metabolic inflammation has been increasingly recognized as a unifying mechanism linking obesity to a broad spectrum of pathological conditions. This review focuses on classic examples of adipocytokines that have helped to form the basis of the endocrine and inflammatory roles of adipose tissue, and it also details a few newly characterized adipocytokines that provide fresh insights into adipose biology. Studies of adipocytokines in clinical settings and their therapeutic potential are also discussed.

The Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Lymphocytes in Low-Grade Inflammation and Coronary Artery Disease

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 469-P
Author(s):  
MILOS MRAZ ◽  
ANNA CINKAJZLOVA ◽  
ZDENA LACINOVÁ ◽  
JANA KLOUCKOVA ◽  
HELENA KRATOCHVILOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

scholarly journals Chemotactic cytokines, obesity and type 2 diabetes:in vivoandin vitroevidence for a possible causal correlation?

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrike Sell ◽  
Jürgen Eckel
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Tissue Biology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adipose Tissue Mass

A strong causal link between increased adipose tissue mass and insulin resistance in tissues such as liver and skeletal muscle exists in obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Increased adipose tissue mass in obese patients and patients with diabetes is associated with altered secretion of adipokines, which also includes chemotactic proteins. Adipose tissue releases a wide range of chemotactic proteins including many chemokines and chemerin, which are interesting targets for adipose tissue biology and for biomedical research in obesity and obesity-related diseases. This class of adipokines may be directly linked to a chronic state of low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, a concept intensively studied in adipose tissue biology in recent years. The inflammatory state of adipose tissue in obese patients may be the most important factor linking increased adipose tissue mass to insulin resistance. Furthermore, chemoattractant adipokines may play an important role in this situation, as many of these proteins possess biological activity beyond the recruitment of immune cells including effects on adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissues. The present review provides a summary of experimental evidence of the role of adipose tissue-derived chemotactic cytokines and their function in insulin resistancein vivoandin vitro.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: a clinical perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine S. Tam ◽  
Leanne M. Redman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

AbstractObesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation due to increased immune cells, specifically infiltrated macrophages into adipose tissue, which in turn secrete a range of proinflammatory mediators. This nonselective low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is systemic in nature and can impair insulin signaling pathways, thus, increasing the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to provide an update on clinical studies examining the role of adipose tissue in the development of obesity-associated complications in humans. We will discuss adipose tissue inflammation during different scenarios of energy imbalance and metabolic dysfunction including obesity and overfeeding, weight loss by calorie restriction or bariatric surgery, and conditions of insulin resistance (diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome).

Associação entre obesidade e resultados graves do tratamento em pacientes com COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (47) ◽  
pp. 138-142
Author(s):  
Giordana Gregório Fritsch ◽  
Michael Wesley Schmidt ◽  
Antônio Carlos Gargioni Filho ◽  
Hussein Nasser Fares
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Worldwide Population ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Activation Component

The worldwide population is facing a double burden of epidemic, the COVID-19and obesity. This is even more alarming as obesity increases the COVID-19 severity. However, the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 severity is more complex than a simple association with BMI. In particular, obesity has been associated with low death rates in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, a fatal comorbidity to COVID-19, possibly due to the obesity paradox. Also, visceral adiposity could be a major risk factor for COVID- -19severity, due to its immune activation component, release of ACE2 and involvement in the cytokine storm, It is also known to correlate with metabolic disorders, low-grade inflammation and higher mortality rates.

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