scholarly journals Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathophysiology of Stress-Related Disorders: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Satoshi Izuno ◽  
Kazufumi Yoshihara ◽  
Nobuyuki Sudo
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Psychosomatic Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Probiotic Intervention ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Brain

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The brain and gut communicate bidirectionally via immune, neurological, and endocrine pathways, which is termed the “brain-gut interaction.” Recent studies of gut microbiota as a mediator of this interaction have provided a growing body of scientific evidence that suggests that the gut microbiota influences stress and emotional responses and stress-related disorders. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Major advances in analytical methods have led to an increased number of studies that combine gut microbiota and neuroimaging, mainly magnetic resonance imaging, to elucidate the mechanisms. Observational studies have been done to examine brain characteristics related to gut microbiota profiles, and intervention studies have examined brain changes related to probiotic intake. Studies of healthy subjects using negative emotional stimuli have shown that the pattern of emotional response differs depending on the gut microbiota profile and that probiotic intervention can modulate emotional response and be a buffer against the negative effects of stress. In studies on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a typical psychosomatic disorder, IBS-specific gut microbiota were reported to contribute to visceral irritability and pain by affecting the subcortical regions. Studies on psychiatric disorders revealed that a relative abundance of <i>Bacteroides</i> that produce γ-aminobutyric acid in feces was associated with a change in brain function specific to depression and that gut microbiota have an influence on abnormalities in the reward system of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

scholarly journals Individualized Responses of Gut Microbiota to Dietary Intervention Modeled in Humanized Mice

mSystems ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Smits ◽  
Angela Marcobal ◽  
Steven Higginbottom ◽  
Justin L. Sonnenburg ◽  
Purna C. Kashyap
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Function ◽  
Generation Sequencing

ABSTRACT Dietary modification has long been used empirically to modify symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and a diverse group of diseases with gastrointestinal symptoms. There is both anecdotal and scientific evidence to suggest that individuals respond quite differently to similar dietary changes, and the highly individualized nature of the gut microbiota makes it a prime candidate for these differences. To overcome the typical confounding factors of human dietary interventions, here we employ ex-germfree mice colonized by microbiotas of three different humans to test how different microbiotas respond to a defined change in carbohydrate content of diet by measuring changes in microbiota composition and function using marker gene-based next-generation sequencing and metabolomics. Our findings suggest that the same diet has very different effects on each microbiota’s membership and function, which may in turn explain interindividual differences in response to a dietary ingredient. Diet plays an important role in shaping the structure and function of the gut microbiota. The microbes and microbial products in turn can influence various aspects of host physiology. One promising route to affect host function and restore health is by altering the gut microbiome using dietary intervention. The individuality of the microbiome may pose a significant challenge, so we sought to determine how different microbiotas respond to the same dietary intervention in a controlled setting. We modeled gut microbiotas from three healthy donors in germfree mice and defined compositional and functional alteration following a change in dietary microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs). The three gut communities exhibited responses that differed markedly in magnitude and in the composition of microbiota-derived metabolites. Adjustments in community membership did not correspond to the magnitude of changes in the microbial metabolites, highlighting potential challenges in predicting functional responses from compositional data and the need to assess multiple microbiota parameters following dietary interventions. IMPORTANCE Dietary modification has long been used empirically to modify symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and a diverse group of diseases with gastrointestinal symptoms. There is both anecdotal and scientific evidence to suggest that individuals respond quite differently to similar dietary changes, and the highly individualized nature of the gut microbiota makes it a prime candidate for these differences. To overcome the typical confounding factors of human dietary interventions, here we employ ex-germfree mice colonized by microbiotas of three different humans to test how different microbiotas respond to a defined change in carbohydrate content of diet by measuring changes in microbiota composition and function using marker gene-based next-generation sequencing and metabolomics. Our findings suggest that the same diet has very different effects on each microbiota’s membership and function, which may in turn explain interindividual differences in response to a dietary ingredient. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Xiao ◽  
Qin Liu ◽  
Mei Luo ◽  
Lishou Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Functional Bowel Disorder ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Bowel Disorder

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional bowel disorder worldwide and is associated with visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, immunomodulation, gut microbiota alterations, and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. The aim of our study was to investigate specific types of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, serotonin and hypoxanthine, which are all implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS. Metabolites-focused research has identified multiple microbial targets relevant to IBS patients, important roles of microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of IBS symptoms have been established. Thus, we provide an overview of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the different subtypes of IBS (constipation-predominant IBS-C, diarrhea-predominant IBS-D) and present controversial views regarding the role of microbiota in IBS.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota from persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects the brain in mice

Microbiome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anouk C. Tengeler ◽  
Sarita A. Dam ◽  
Maximilian Wiesmann ◽  
Jilly Naaijen ◽  
Miranda van Bodegom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Correlation of learning disabilities to porn addiction based on EEG

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
Norhaslinda Kamaruddin ◽  
Nurul Izzati Mat Razi ◽  
Abdul Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Learning Disorder ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Psychological Instruments ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain

Researchers were able to correlate porn addiction based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis to the psychological instruments’ findings. In this paper we attempt to correlate the porn addiction to various cases of learning disorders through analyzing EEG signals. Since porn addiction involved the brainwave power at the frontal of the brain, which reflects the executive functions, this may have correlation to learning disorder. Only three types of learning disorder will be of interest in our study involving dyslexic, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic children because they involved reduced intellectual ability observed from the lack of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical proficiencies. Children with such disorder when expose to the internet unfiltered porn contents may have minimal understanding of the negative effects of the contents. Such unmonitored exposure to pornographic contents may result to porn addiction because it may trigger excitement and induced pleasure. Experimental results show strong correlation of learning disorders to porn addiction, which can be worthwhile for further analysis. In addition, this paper also indicates that analyzing brainwave patterns could provide a better insight into predicting and detecting children with learning disorders and addiction with direct analysis of the brain wave patterns.

scholarly journals The Microbiota and the Gut–Brain Axis in Controlling Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5830
Author(s):  
Marina Romaní-Pérez ◽  
Clara Bullich-Vilarrubias ◽  
Inmaculada López-Almela ◽  
Rebeca Liébana-García ◽  
Marta Olivares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Dietary Composition ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
The Brain

Obesity currently represents a major societal and health challenge worldwide. Its prevalence has reached epidemic proportions and trends continue to rise, reflecting the need for more effective preventive measures. Hypothalamic circuits that control energy homeostasis in response to food intake are interesting targets for body-weight management, for example, through interventions that reinforce the gut-to-brain nutrient signalling, whose malfunction contributes to obesity. Gut microbiota–diet interactions might interfere in nutrient sensing and signalling from the gut to the brain, where the information is processed to control energy homeostasis. This gut microbiota–brain crosstalk is mediated by metabolites, mainly short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids or amino acids-derived metabolites and subcellular bacterial components. These activate gut–endocrine and/or neural-mediated pathways or pass to systemic circulation and then reach the brain. Feeding time and dietary composition are the main drivers of the gut microbiota structure and function. Therefore, aberrant feeding patterns or unhealthy diets might alter gut microbiota–diet interactions and modify nutrient availability and/or microbial ligands transmitting information from the gut to the brain in response to food intake, thus impairing energy homeostasis. Herein, we update the scientific evidence supporting that gut microbiota is a source of novel dietary and non-dietary biological products that may beneficially regulate gut-to-brain communication and, thus, improve metabolic health. Additionally, we evaluate how the feeding time and dietary composition modulate the gut microbiota and, thereby, the intraluminal availability of these biological products with potential effects on energy homeostasis. The review also identifies knowledge gaps and the advances required to clinically apply microbiome-based strategies to improve the gut–brain axis function and, thus, combat obesity.

Lessons Learned From Coaching Postsecondary Students With Traumatic Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Mary R. T. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Exhaustive List

Purpose The purpose of this clinical focus article is to provide speech-language pathologists with a brief update of the evidence that provides possible explanations for our experiences while coaching college students with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method The narrative text provides readers with lessons we learned as speech-language pathologists functioning as cognitive coaches to college students with TBI. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list, but rather to consider the recent scientific evidence that will help our understanding of how best to coach these college students. Conclusion Four lessons are described. Lesson 1 focuses on the value of self-reported responses to surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. Lesson 2 addresses the use of immediate/proximal goals as leverage for students to update their sense of self and how their abilities and disabilities may alter their more distal goals. Lesson 3 reminds us that teamwork is necessary to address the complex issues facing these students, which include their developmental stage, the sudden onset of trauma to the brain, and having to navigate going to college with a TBI. Lesson 4 focuses on the need for college students with TBI to learn how to self-advocate with instructors, family, and peers.

Irritable bowel syndrome and probiotics place in therapeutic strategies

Infectio ro ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Ștefan-Sorin Aramă
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Moment

Irritable bowel syndrome is a frequent digestive condition, with an unclear etiopathogeny. Very probably intestinal dysbiosis plays an important role. For the moment there are no guidelines for treatment. There is scientific evidence for several therapies: modification of diet, non-resorbable antibiotics (rifaximin-α) and probiotics. Giving probiotics after each antibiotic course (an association of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001) supplemented with vitamin B6 may be an optimal strategy.

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