scholarly journals Tyramine 1 Receptor Distribution in the Brain of Corbiculate Bees Points to a Conserved Function

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Markus Thamm ◽  
Katharina Wagler ◽  
Axel Brockmann ◽  
Ricarda Scheiner
Keyword(s):  
Stingless Bees ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Spatial Expression ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sucrose Responsiveness

Sucrose represents an important carbohydrate source for most bee species. In the Western honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) it was shown that individual sucrose responsiveness correlates with the task performed in the colony, supporting the response threshold theory which states that individuals with the lowest threshold for a task-associated stimuli will perform the associated task. Tyramine was shown to modulate sucrose responsiveness, most likely via the tyramine 1 receptor. This receptor is located in brain areas important for the processing of gustatory stimuli. We asked whether the spatial expression pattern of the tyramine 1 receptor is a unique adaptation of honeybees or if its expression represents a conserved trait. Using a specific tyramine receptor 1 antibody, we compared the spatial expression of this receptor in the brain of different corbiculate bee species, including eusocial honeybees, bumblebees, stingless bees, and the solitary bee <i>Osmia bicornis</i> as an outgroup. We found a similar labeling pattern in the mushroom bodies, the central complex, the dorsal lobe, and the gnathal ganglia, indicating a conserved receptor expression. With respect to sucrose responsiveness this result is of special importance. We assume that the tyramine 1 receptor expression in these neuropiles provides the basis for modulation of sucrose responsiveness. Furthermore, the tyramine 1 receptor expression seems to be independent of size, as labeling is similar in bee species that differ greatly in their body size. However, the situation in the optic lobes appears to be different. Here, the lobula of stingless bees is clearly labeled by the tyramine receptor 1 antibody, whereas this labeling is absent in other species. This indicates that the regulation of this receptor is different in the optic lobes, while its function in this neuropile remains unclear.

scholarly journals Norepinephrine Regulation of Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus Astrocyte Glycogen Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Karen P. Briski ◽  
Mostafa M. H. Ibrahim ◽  
A. S. M. Hasan Mahmood ◽  
Ayed A. Alshamrani
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Glycogen Reserve ◽  
Noradrenergic Modulation ◽  
The Brain

The catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) links hindbrain metabolic-sensory neurons with key glucostatic control structures in the brain, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). In the brain, the glycogen reserve is maintained within the astrocyte cell compartment as an alternative energy source to blood-derived glucose. VMN astrocytes are direct targets for metabolic stimulus-driven noradrenergic signaling due to their adrenergic receptor expression (AR). The current review discusses recent affirmative evidence that neuro-metabolic stability in the VMN may be shaped by NE influence on astrocyte glycogen metabolism and glycogen-derived substrate fuel supply. Noradrenergic modulation of estrogen receptor (ER) control of VMN glycogen phosphorylase (GP) isoform expression supports the interaction of catecholamine and estradiol signals in shaping the physiological stimulus-specific control of astrocyte glycogen mobilization. Sex-dimorphic NE control of glycogen synthase and GP brain versus muscle type proteins may be due, in part, to the dissimilar noradrenergic governance of astrocyte AR and ER variant profiles in males versus females. Forthcoming advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanistic framework for catecholamine stimulus integration with other regulatory inputs to VMN astrocytes will undoubtedly reveal useful new molecular targets in each sex for glycogen mediated defense of neuronal metabolic equilibrium during neuro-glucopenia.

The novel guanylyl cyclase MsGC-I is strongly expressed in higher-order neuropils in the brain of Manduca sexta

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nighorn ◽  
P.J. Simpson ◽  
D.B. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Guanylyl Cyclase ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
Guanylyl Cyclases ◽  
The Brain

Guanylyl cyclases are usually characterized as being either soluble (sGCs) or receptor (rGCs). We have recently cloned a novel guanylyl cyclase, MsGC-I, from the developing nervous system of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta that cannot be classified as either an sGC or an rGC. MsGC-I shows highest sequence identity with receptor guanylyl cyclases throughout its catalytic and dimerization domains, but does not contain the ligand-binding, transmembrane or kinase-like domains characteristic of receptor guanylyl cyclases. In addition, MsGC-I contains a C-terminal extension of 149 amino acid residues. In this paper, we report the expression of MsGC-I in the adult. Northern blots show that it is expressed preferentially in the nervous system, with high levels in the pharate adult brain and antennae. In the antennae, immunohistochemical analyses show that it is expressed in the cell bodies and dendrites, but not axons, of olfactory receptor neurons. In the brain, it is expressed in a variety of sensory neuropils including the antennal and optic lobes. It is also expressed in structures involved in higher-order processing including the mushroom bodies and central complex. This complicated expression pattern suggests that this novel guanylyl cyclase plays an important role in mediating cyclic GMP levels in the nervous system of Manduca sexta.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression in the Visual System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Hill ◽  
Christian Clement ◽  
L. Arceneaux ◽  
Walter Lukiw
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: Multiple lines of evidence currently indicate that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)gains entry into human host cells via a high-affinity interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transmembrane receptor. Research has further shown the widespread expression of the ACE2 receptor on the surface of many different immune, non-immune and neural host cell types, and that SARS-CoV-2 has there markable capability to attack many different types of human-host cells simultaneously. One principal neuroanatomical region for highACE2 expression patterns occurs in the brainstem, an area of the brain containing regulatory centers for respiration, and this may in part explain the predisposition of many COVID-19 patients to respiratory distress. Early studies also indicated extensive ACE2 expression in the whole eye and the brain’s visual circuitry. In this study we analyzed ACE2 receptor expression at the mRNA and protein level in multiple cell types involved in human vision, including cell types of the external eye and several deep brain regions known to be involved in the processing of visual signals.Methods: ACE2 mRNA and protein analysis; multiple eye and brain cells and tissues; gamma32P-adenosine tri-phosphate ([γ-32P]dATP) radiolabeled probes; Northern analysis; ELISA.Results: The four main findings were: (i)that many different optical and neural cell types of the human visual system provide receptors essential for SARS-CoV-2 invasion; (ii)the remarkable ubiquity of ACE2 presence in cells of the eye and anatomical regions of the brain involved in visual signal processing; (iii)that ACE2 receptor expression in different ocular cell types and visual processing centers of the brain provide multiple compartments for SARS-CoV-2 infiltration; and (iv)a gradient of increasing ACE2 expression from the anterior surface of the eye to the visual signal processing areas of the occipital lobe and the primary visual neocortex.Conclusion: A gradient of ACE2 expression from the eye surface to the occipital lobe provide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a novel pathway from the outer eye into deeper anatomical regions of the brain involved in vision. These findings may explain, in part, the many recently reported neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2infection in COVID-19 affected patients.

scholarly journals The Brain Metabolite Kynurenic Acid Inhibits α7 Nicotinic Receptor Activity and Increases Non-α7 Nicotinic Receptor Expression: Physiopathological Implications

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7463-7473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Hilmas ◽  
Edna F. R. Pereira ◽  
Manickavasagom Alkondon ◽  
Arash Rassoulpour ◽  
Robert Schwarcz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Receptor ◽  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Receptor Activity ◽  
Brain Metabolite ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Stroke Increases G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Expression in the Brain of Male but Not Female Mice

Neurosignals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad R.S. Broughton ◽  
Vanessa H. Brait ◽  
Elizabeth Guida ◽  
Seyoung Lee ◽  
Thiruma V. Arumugam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Expression ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

Control of Locomotion in Hexapods

2017 ◽  
pp. 422-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy E. Ritzmann ◽  
Sasha N. Zill
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Legged Locomotion ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Control Circuits ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
The Brain

This article discusses legged locomotion in insects. It describes the basic patterns of coordinated movement both within each leg and among the various legs. The nervous system controls these actions through groups of joint pattern generators coupled through interneurons and interjoint reflexes in a range of insect species. These local control systems within the thoracic ganglia rely on leg proprioceptors that monitor joint movement and cuticular strain interacting with central pattern generation interneurons. The local control systems can change quantitatively and qualitatively as needed to generate turns or more forceful movements. In dealing with substantial obstacles or changes in navigational movements, more profound changes are required. These rely on sensory information processed in the brain that projects to the multimodal sensorimotor neuropils collectively referred to as the central complex. The central complex affects descending commands that alter local control circuits to accomplish appropriate redirected movements.

scholarly journals Redox and essential metal status in the brain of Wistar rats acutely exposed to a cadmium and lead mixture

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
Dragana Javorac ◽  
Aleksandra Buha Đorđević ◽  
Milena Anđelković ◽  
Simona Tatović ◽  
Katarina Baralić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Essential Metal ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMost Pb and Cd neurotoxicity studies investigate exposure to either of the toxic metals alone, while data on co-exposure are scarce. The aim of our study was to fill that gap by investigating acute combined effects of Pb and Cd on redox and essential metal status in the brain of Wistar rats. Animals were randomised in four groups of six to eight rats, which received 15 or 30 mg/kg of Cd, 150 mg/kg of Pb, or 150 mg/kg of Pb + 15 mg/kg of Cd by gavage. The fifth, control, group received distilled water only. Co-treatment with Pb and Cd induced significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) compared to control and groups receiving either metal alone. This is of special importance, as MDA presence in the brain has been implicated in many neurodegenerative disorders. The groups did not significantly differ in Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe brain levels. Our findings highlight the importance of metal mixture studies. Neurotoxicity assessments of single chemicals do not provide a real insight into exposure to mixtures in real life. Further research should look into interactions between these metals to reveal complex molecular mechanisms of their neurotoxicity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document