scholarly journals Cancer of the External Auditory Canal with Extensive Osteoradionecrosis of the Skull Base after Re-Irradiation with Particle Beams: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 1097-1102
Author(s):  
Mioko Matsuo ◽  
Ryuji Yasumatsu ◽  
Sei Yoshida ◽  
Rina Jiroumaru ◽  
Kazuki Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Heavy Particle ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Particle Beams ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Irradiation Therapy ◽  
Cerebral Necrosis ◽  
The Brain

Re-irradiation with X-rays and particle beams can be used to treat localized recurrence of unresectable head and neck cancer after initial irradiation therapy. However, re-irradiation therapy increases the risk of severe and late sequelae by 4-to 8-fold. It can also result in fatal outcomes, such as rupture of the carotid artery and cerebral necrosis or abscess. A 41-year-old woman was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal. The patient was initially treated with X-ray irradiation. However, the patient underwent re-irradiation with heavy particle beams and neutron rays for a recurrent tumor. The patient developed necrosis of the skull base involving the facial skin and temporal bone 2 months after the last session of re-irradiation therapy. The tissue in the parapharyngeal and masticatory regions also became completely necrotic, resulting in extensive exposure of the brain parenchyma. Although the patient underwent conservative and surgical treatment, necrosis of the tissue progressed, and a large part of the brain was exposed. Approximately 2.5 years later, although the brain is still exposed, the patient is alive without disease. Although the tumor had subsided and long-term survival was achieved, our patient developed serious osteoradionecrosis of the skull base with extensive brain exposure. For patients who are not candidates for surgery, re-irradiation alone is an option, albeit with poor prospects. This approach should be discussed with the patient while balancing the potential survival gain against the burden of treatment and the risk of complications.

scholarly journals Hypoproliferative human NPC xenografts survived extendedly in the brain of immunocompetent rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhua Liu ◽  
Xiaoyun Wang ◽  
Wenhao Huang ◽  
Wei Meng ◽  
Zhenghui Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: There is a huge controversy about whether xenograft or allograft in the “immune-privileged” brain needs immunosuppression. In animal studies, prevailing sophiscated immunosuppression or immunodeficiency is detrimental for the recipients, which results in short lifespan of animals, and confounds functional behavioral readout of the graft benefit, discouraging long-term follow-up. Methods: Neuron-restricted human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were derived from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs, including H1, its gene-modified cell lines for better visualization, and HN4), propagated for different passages and then transplanted into the brain of immunocompetent rats without use of immunosuppressant. The graft survivals, their cell fates and HLA expression levels were examined over time (up to months after transplantation). We compared the survival capability of NPCs from different passages, and in different transplantation sites (brain parenchyma vs. para-and intra-ventricular sites). The host responses to the grafts were also investigated.Results: Our results show that human ESC-derived neuron-restricted NPCs survive extendedly in adult rat cerebro-parenchyma with no need of immunosuppression whereas a late-onset graft rejection seems inevitable. Both donor HLA expression level and host MHC-II expression level remain relatively low and little change over the long-term survival, and therefore can’t predict the late-onset rejection. Human grafts in or close to cerebroventricle are more vulnerable to the immune attack than the intra-striatum grafts. Prevention of graft hyperplasia by using hypoproliferative late-passaged human NPCs further significantly extends the graft survival time. Our new data also shows that a subpopulation of host microglia upregulate MHC-II expression in response to the human graft, but fail to present the human antigen to the host immune system, suggestive of the immune-isolation role of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Conclusions: The present study confirms the “immune privilege” of the brain parenchyma, and more importantly, unveils that choosing hypoproliferative NPCs for transplantation can benefit graft outcome in terms of both lower tumor-genic risk and the prolonged survival time without immunosuppression.

A Review of Various Machine Learning Techniques for Brain Tumor Detection from MRI Images

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 937-945
Author(s):  
Aaishwarya Sanjay Bajaj ◽  
Usha Chouhan
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Tumor Detection ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
The Brain

Background: This paper endeavors to identify an expedient approach for the detection of the brain tumor in MRI images. The detection of tumor is based on i) review of the machine learning approach for the identification of brain tumor and ii) review of a suitable approach for brain tumor detection. Discussion: This review focuses on different imaging techniques such as X-rays, PET, CT- Scan, and MRI. This survey identifies a different approach with better accuracy for tumor detection. This further includes the image processing method. In most applications, machine learning shows better performance than manual segmentation of the brain tumors from MRI images as it is a difficult and time-consuming task. For fast and better computational results, radiology used a different approach with MRI, CT-scan, X-ray, and PET. Furthermore, summarizing the literature, this paper also provides a critical evaluation of the surveyed literature which reveals new facets of research. Conclusion: The problem faced by the researchers during brain tumor detection techniques and machine learning applications for clinical settings have also been discussed.

scholarly journals Macrophages and microglia: the cerberus of glioblastoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Buonfiglioli ◽  
Dolores Hambardzumyan
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Tumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Brain

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and deadliest of the primary brain tumors, characterized by malignant growth, invasion into the brain parenchyma, and resistance to therapy. GBM is a heterogeneous disease characterized by high degrees of both inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Another layer of complexity arises from the unique brain microenvironment in which GBM develops and grows. The GBM microenvironment consists of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. The most abundant non-neoplastic cells are those of the innate immune system, called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs constitute up to 40% of the tumor mass and consist of both brain-resident microglia and bone marrow-derived myeloid cells from the periphery. Although genetically stable, TAMs can change their expression profiles based upon the signals that they receive from tumor cells; therefore, heterogeneity in GBM creates heterogeneity in TAMs. By interacting with tumor cells and with the other non-neoplastic cells in the tumor microenvironment, TAMs promote tumor progression. Here, we review the origin, heterogeneity, and functional roles of TAMs. In addition, we discuss the prospects of therapeutically targeting TAMs alone or in combination with standard or newly-emerging GBM targeting therapies.

scholarly journals Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Riva ◽  
T. Fracasso ◽  
A. Guerra ◽  
P. Genet
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Open Shape ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synthetic Models ◽  
Representative Material

AbstractIn shooting crimes, ballistics tests are often recommended in order to reproduce the wound characteristics of the involved persons. For this purpose, several “simulants” can be used. However, despite the efforts in the research of “surrogates” in the field of forensic ballistic, the development of synthetic models needs still to be improved through a validation process based on specific real caseworks. This study has been triggered by the findings observed during the autopsy performed on two victims killed in the same shooting incident, with similar wounding characteristics; namely two retained head shots with ricochet against the interior wall of the skull; both projectiles have been recovered during the autopsies after migration in the brain parenchyma. The thickness of the different tissues and structures along the bullets trajectories as well as the incident angles between the bullets paths and the skull walls have been measured and reproduced during the assemblage of the synthetic head models. Two different types of models (“open shape” and “spherical”) have been assembled using leather, polyurethane and gelatine to simulate respectively skin, bone and soft tissues. Six shots have been performed in total. The results of the models have been compared to the findings of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and the autopsy findings.Out of the six shots, two perforated the models and four were retained. When the projectile was retained, the use of both models allowed reproducing the wounds characteristics observed on both victims in terms of penetration and ricochet behaviour. However, the projectiles recovered from the models showed less deformation than the bullets collected during the autopsies. The “open shape” model allowed a better controlling on the shooting parameters than the “spherical” model. Finally, the difference in bullet deformation could be caused by the choice of the bone simulant, which might under-represent either the strength or the density of the human bone. In our opinion, it would be worth to develop a new, more representative material for ballistic which simulates the human bone.

scholarly journals Primary Cranial Vault Lymphoma Extending between Subcutaneous Tissue and Brain Parenchyma without Skull Destruction after Mild Head Trauma: A Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1118-1123
Author(s):  
Kengo Setta ◽  
Takaaki Beppu ◽  
Yuichi Sato ◽  
Hiroaki Saura ◽  
Junichi Nomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Bone Destruction ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Cranial Vault ◽  
The Brain

Malignant lymphoma of the head rarely arises outside of the brain parenchyma as primary cranial vault lymphoma (PCVL). A case of PCVL that invaded from subcutaneous tissue into the brain, passing through the skull, and occurred after mild head trauma is reported along with a review of the literature. The patient was a 75-year-old man with decreased activity. One month before his visit to our hospital, he bruised the left frontal area of his head. Magnetic resonance imaging showed homogeneously enhanced tumors with contrast media in the subcutaneous tissue corresponding to the head impact area and the cerebral parenchyma, but no obvious abnormal findings in the skull. A biopsy with craniotomy was performed under general anesthesia. The pathological diagnosis was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. On histological examination, tumor cells grew aggressively under the skin. Tumor cells invaded along the emissary vein into the external table without remarkable bone destruction and extended across the skull through the Haversian canals in the diploe. Tumor cells were found only at the perivascular areas in the dura mater and extended into the brain parenchyma. Considering the history of head trauma and the neuroimaging and histological findings, the PCVL in the present case arose primarily under the skin, passed though the skull and dura mater, and invaded along vessels and reached the brain.

scholarly journals Microglial Function and Regulation during Development, Homeostasis and Alzheimer’s Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 957
Author(s):  
Brad T. Casali ◽  
Erin G. Reed-Geaghan
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
And Function ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Homeostatic State

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, deriving from yolk sac progenitors that populate the brain parenchyma during development. During development and homeostasis, microglia play critical roles in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, in addition to their primary role as immune sentinels. In aging and neurodegenerative diseases generally, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) specifically, microglial function is altered in ways that significantly diverge from their homeostatic state, inducing a more detrimental inflammatory environment. In this review, we discuss the receptors, signaling, regulation and gene expression patterns of microglia that mediate their phenotype and function contributing to the inflammatory milieu of the AD brain, as well as strategies that target microglia to ameliorate the onset, progression and symptoms of AD.

scholarly journals CTNI-03. IMAGING FEATURES OF LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASES OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER: A SINGLE-CENTER REAL-WORLD STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii41-ii41
Author(s):  
Junjie Zhen ◽  
Lei Wen ◽  
Shaoqun Li ◽  
Mingyao Lai ◽  
Changguo Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Type A ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type D ◽  
Mri Examination ◽  
Mri Features ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Abstract BACKGROUND According to EANO-ESMO clinical practice guidelines, the MRI findings of LM are divided into 4 types, namely linear enhancement (type A), nodular enhancement (type B), linear combined with nodular enhancement (type C), and sign of hydrocephalus (type D). METHODS The MRI features of brain and spinal cord in patients diagnosed with NSCLC-LM in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital from 2010 until 2019 were investigated, and then were classified into 4 types. The imaging features were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 80 patients were enrolled in the study. The median age of the patients was 53.5 years old, and the median time from the initial diagnosis to the confirmed diagnosis of LM was 11.6 months. The results of enhanced MRI examination of the brain in 79 cases showed that the number of cases with enhancements of type A, B, C and D were 50 (63.3%), 0, 26 (32.9%) and 3 (3.8%), respectively, and that LM with metastases to the brain parenchyma was found in 42 cases (53.2%). The results of enhanced MRI examination of spinal cord in 59 cases showed that there were only enhancements of type A and C in 40 cases (67.8%) and 3 cases (5.0%), and no enhancement sign in the other 16 cases (27.2%). CONCLUSION MRI examination of brain and spinal cord will improve the detection rate of LM. The MRI features of NSCLC-LM in real world are mainly characterized by the linear enhancements of brain and spinal cord, followed by linear combined with nodular enhancement. The enhancements of type B and type D are rare in clinic. Almost half of the patients have LM and metastases to the brain parenchyma. Therefore, the differentiation of tumor metastases is needed to be paid attention to for the early diagnosis and the formulation of reasonable treatment plans.

Selective growth of human melanoma cells in the brain parenchyma of nude mice

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Fujimaki ◽  
J E Price ◽  
D Fan ◽  
C D Bucana ◽  
K Itoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nude Mice ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Human Melanoma ◽  
Selective Growth ◽  
Human Melanoma Cells ◽  
The Brain

Effects of endotoxin and dexamethasone on cerebral malaria in mice

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Neill ◽  
N. H. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Tumour Necrosis ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Cba Mice ◽  
Cerebral Involvement ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Necrosis Factor

SUMMARYCBA/T6 and DBA/2J mice inoculated withPlasmodium bergheiANKA (PbA) develop cerebral involvement 6–8 days post-inoculation, from which the CBA mice almost invariably die and the DBA mice recover. Dexamethasone (DXM; 80 mg/kg) given to inoculated CBA mice twice, on day 3 and again within 48 h, reduced the cerebral symptoms and prevented death from cerebral malaria. Plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF) levels, which increased at the time of the cerebral symptoms, were also reduced in these DXM-treated mice. Intravenously administered Evans Blue, a dye which binds to albumin, diffused extensively across the blood-brain barrier only during the period of cerebral symptoms, in proportion to the severity of the cerebral symptoms and the disease. In PbA-infected CBA mice, cerebral symptoms and the amount of Evans Blue diffusing into the brain tissue were both reduced by DXM treatment, but only if the steroid was given on day 3 and again within 48 h. Endotoxin injected intravascularly into PbA-infected DBA mice after day 5 resulted in an exaggeration of cerebral symptoms and death between days 6 and 9. Plasma TNF and the amount of Evans Blue in the brain parenchyma increased above normal levels in these mice. Endotoxin injections had only minor effects on the severity of the cerebral symptoms in PbA-infected CBA mice and did not cause the animals to die sooner.

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