scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Temporalis Tendon-Aponeurotic Complex: An in vivo MRI Macroscopic Analysis in Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rachelle Isidro ◽  
Iacopo Cioffi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

The tendon-aponeurosis complex (TAC) of the temporalis dissipates forces produced during function. Abnormally reduced temporalis TACs have been found in individuals with chronic muscular temporomandibular disorders – a painful musculoskeletal condition that is more frequent in women than men. Whether there are sex differences in the temporalis TAC in healthy individuals is currently unknown. Here, we characterized and measured the temporalis TAC in healthy male and female young individuals between 5 and 15 years old to determine whether the volume of the temporalis TAC and the TAC-to-muscle ratio are different between males and females. We collected MRI studies from 90 healthy individuals, including equal numbers (15 M and 15 F) of young children (ages 5–7), children (9–11), and adolescents (13–15) and segmented the right temporalis and its TAC using software. Using general linear models, we tested the effect of sex, age, and their interaction on the volumes of the temporalis and its TAC, and the TAC-to-muscle ratio. The volumes of the temporalis and its TAC increased with age (both <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) and were not affected by sex (<i>p</i> = 0.252 and <i>p</i> = 0.179) or by the interaction sex-by-age (<i>p</i> = 0.079 and <i>p</i> = 0.095, respectively). The TAC-to-muscle ratio did not change significantly with age (<i>p</i> = 0.655) and was not affected by sex (0.438) or by the interaction sex-by-age (0.524). We provide, for the first time, volumetric data of the temporalis TAC in children and adolescents. The volumes of the temporalis TAC and the TAC-to-muscle ratio are not different between male and female individuals until the age of 15.

scholarly journals Bilateral Symmetry and Sex Differences in Ankle Kinematics During the Stance Phase of Gait

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0017
Author(s):  
Alexandra S. Gabrielli ◽  
Alexandra Maxim ◽  
Tom Gale ◽  
Clarissa LeVasseur ◽  
MaCalus Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ankle Kinematics ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Support Phase

Category: Ankle, Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Restoration of bilateral symmetry is used clinically to evaluate surgical and conservative treatment outcomes. However, the degree of symmetry and differences between sexes in ankle kinematics in healthy individuals remain unknown. Because relative motion between the tibia, talus and calcaneus cannot be accurately measured using conventional skin- mounted motion capture systems, biplane radiography is emerging as the preferred technique to measure in vivo ankle kinematics during functional activities. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to use biplane radiography to determine the degree of bilateral symmetry in ankle kinematics in healthy individuals and to identify sex-dependent differences in kinematics during the support phase of gait. It was hypothesized that rotational ankle range of motion (ROM) during gait is not different between males and females. Methods: Twenty healthy individuals (10 male, 10 female, age 30.7 ± 6.3years) with no history of ankle injury provided consent to participate in this IRB-approved study. Each participant walked through a biplane radiography system 6 times at a self-selected pace (1.3±0.2 m/s). Synchronized radiographs of the ankle were collected at 100 images/second for 3 trials of each ankle (90 kV, 125 mA, 1 ms exposure/image). Motion of the tibia, talus and calcaneus was tracked using a validated model-based tracking process that matches 3D bone models to the radiographs. Anatomic coordinate systems were created and used to calculate ankle kinematics. All kinematics were converted to percent stance phase and averaged over all trials for each ankle. Bilateral symmetry was determined by calculating the average absolute difference between right and left ankle joint kinematics over the full support phase of gait. Differences between male and female rotational ROM were identified using unpaired t-tests. Results: The average absolute side-to-side difference in tibio-talar joint rotations was 3.3° or less, while the average absolute side-to-side difference in subtalar joint rotations was 3.0° or less (Table 1A). For males and females, at the tibio-talar joint, the largest ROM was plantar-dorsiflexion, followed by internal/external rotation and then inversion/eversion (Table 1B). At the subalar joint, the largest ROM was inversion/eversion, with similar amounts of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion and internal/external rotation, on the order of 2° to 3°. Males demonstrated significantly less ROM in subtalar dorsiflexion/plantarflexion and tibio-talar internal/external rotation (Table 1B). Conclusion: The average side-to-side differences in healthy ankle ROM during gait are small, suggesting that the contralateral ankle may serve as a reference standard to assess kinematic outcomes after conservative or surgical treatments. The difference between male and female subtalar ROM (0.6°) may be too small to be functionally significant, however, sex differences in tibio- talar ROM appear large enough to merit consideration when assessing functional outcomes and designing ankle joint replacements. The results are limited to over-ground gait performed by relatively young and healthy adults and may not be applicable to other activities or older adults.

scholarly journals Stem cell treatment improves post stroke neurological outcomes: a comparative study in male and female rats

2021 ◽  
pp. svn-2020-000834
Author(s):  
Koteswara Rao Nalamolu ◽  
Bharath Chelluboina ◽  
Casimir A Fornal ◽  
Siva Reddy Challa ◽  
David M Pinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females

Background and purposeThe therapeutic potential of different stem cells for ischaemic stroke treatment is intriguing and somewhat controversial. Recent results from our laboratory have demonstrated the potential benefits of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in a rodent stroke model. We hypothesised that MSC treatment would effectively promote the recovery of sensory and motor function in both males and females, despite any apparent sex differences in post stroke brain injury.MethodsTransient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Following the procedure, male and female rats of the untreated group were euthanised 1 day after reperfusion and their brains were used to estimate the resulting infarct volume and tissue swelling. Additional groups of stroke-induced male and female rats were treated with MSC or vehicle and were subsequently subjected to a battery of standard neurological/neurobehavioral tests (Modified Neurological Severity Score assessment, adhesive tape removal, beam walk and rotarod). The tests were administered at regular intervals (at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14) after reperfusion to determine the time course of neurological and functional recovery after stroke.ResultsThe infarct volume and extent of swelling of the ischaemic brain were similar in males and females. Despite similar pathological stroke lesions, the clinical manifestations of stroke were more pronounced in males than females, as indicated by the neurological scores and other tests. MSC treatment significantly improved the recovery of sensory and motor function in both sexes, and it demonstrated efficacy in both moderate stroke (females) and severe stroke (males).ConclusionsDespite sex differences in the severity of post stroke outcomes, MSC treatment promoted the recovery of sensory and motor function in male and female rats, suggesting that it may be a promising treatment for stroke.

scholarly journals Sex differences in neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation revealed by fNIRS hyperscanning

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Baker ◽  
Ning Liu ◽  
Xu Cui ◽  
Pascal Vrticka ◽  
Manish Saggar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Behavioral Signatures ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Researchers from multiple fields have sought to understand how sex moderates human social behavior. While over 50 years of research has revealed differences in cooperation behavior of males and females, the underlying neural correlates of these sex differences have not been explained. A missing and fundamental element of this puzzle is an understanding of how the sex composition of an interacting dyad influences the brain and behavior during cooperation. Using fNIRS-based hyperscanning in 111 same- and mixed-sex dyads, we identified significant behavioral and neural sex-related differences in association with a computer-based cooperation task. Dyads containing at least one male demonstrated significantly higher behavioral performance than female/female dyads. Individual males and females showed significant activation in the right frontopolar and right inferior prefrontal cortices, although this activation was greater in females compared to males. Female/female dyad’s exhibited significant inter-brain coherence within the right temporal cortex, while significant coherence in male/male dyads occurred in the right inferior prefrontal cortex. Significant coherence was not observed in mixed-sex dyads. Finally, for same-sex dyads only, task-related inter-brain coherence was positively correlated with cooperation task performance. Our results highlight multiple important and previously undetected influences of sex on concurrent neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation.

Sex Differences in Expected Guilt Reactions to Hypothetical Behaviors of Sexual, Hostile, and Moral Substance

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Heying ◽  
Karen Korabik ◽  
David C. Munz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Response Alternatives ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Moral Nature

Differences between male and female guilt reactions to hypothetical guilt-inducing situations of a sexual, hostile, and moral nature were investigated. Two independent samples of Ss (56 men, 56 women; and 34 men, 62 women) reported the intensity of their anticipated guilt reactions to 60 hypothetical behavior situations presented in sentence-completion format through the use of scaled response alternatives. Across both samples there were specific behaviors in which stable sex differences were evidenced, i.e., females' reactions were more intense for those behaviors reflecting sexual transgressions. However, males and females were highly similar in their reactions to hostile and moral guilt-provoking situations. Implications of these results for research on trait-guilt were discussed.

Field Dependence among Male and Female Alcoholics: II. Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Jacobson ◽  
Ann Van Dyke ◽  
Theodore G. Sternbach ◽  
Russell Brethauer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

402 males and 160 females hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were tested in a standardized manner on the Rod-and-frame test as a means of supplementing an earlier report of normative data on perceptual style among male alcoholics. When their performance was contrasted with that of normal and psychiatric samples, alcoholics were clearly the most field dependent of all groups studied. Statistically significant sex differences justify the need for separate norms for males and females.

scholarly journals Unique Fine Morphology of Mouthparts in Haematoloecha nigrorufa (Stål) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Adapted to Millipede Feeding

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Junru Zhang ◽  
Wanshan Wang ◽  
Jolanta Brożek ◽  
Wu Dai
Keyword(s):  
Internal Surface ◽  
Food Canal ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Feeding Process ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fine Morphology ◽  
Insight Into

Millipede assassin bugs are a diverse group of specialized millipede predators. However, the feeding behavior of Ectrichodiinae remains poorly known, especially how the mouthpart structures relate to various functions in feeding. In this study, fine morphology of the mouthparts and feeding performance of Haematoloecha nigrorufa (Stål, 1867) was observed and described in detail for the first time. The triangular labrum is divided by a conspicuous transverse membrane into a strongly sclerotized basilabrum and a less sclerotized distilabrum. Fifteen types of sensilla are distributed on the mouthparts. Each mandibular stylet has an expanded spatulate apex and about 150 approximately transverse ridges on the external middle side; these help in penetrating the ventral trunk area and the intersegmental membranes of millipede prey. The right maxilla is tapered. On the internal surface are a row dorsal short bristles near the apex and a row of ventral bristles preapically. A longitudinal row of long lamellate structures extend proximate for a considerable distance, lie entirely within the food canal, and bear several short spines and short bristles. There is no obvious difference between males and females in the distribution, number, and types of sensilla on mouthparts. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including searching and capturing prey, paralyzing prey, a resting phase, and a feeding phase. The evolution of the mouthpart morphology and the putative functional significance of their sensilla are discussed, providing insight into the structure and function of the mouthparts adapted for millipede feeding.

A new hermit crab species of the Pagurixus anceps group (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) from southern Japan, and supplemental notes on P. patiae Komai, 2006

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1627 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASAYUKI OSAWA ◽  
TOMOYUKI KOMAI
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
Okinawa Island ◽  
Southern Japan ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

The pagurid hermit crab genus Pagurixus Melin, 1939, currently includes 24 species in the Indo-West Pacific, and recent studies have revealed the richness of this genus in southern Japan, particularly in coral reefs. In this paper, we deal with two species of the genus, P. dissimilis n. sp. described from southern Japan, and the recently described P. patiae Komai, 2006. The new species appears closest to P. nanus Komai & Takada, 2006 in both morphology and coloration in life, but is distinguished from the latter by having a clearly delimited dorsomesial margin of the dactylus of the right cheliped in males and females, a blunt but distinct median crest and a mesial row of small spines on the dorsal surface of the carpus of the male right cheliped, and paired gonopores in females. The newly obtained specimens of P. patiae from Okinawa Island enable us to describe the coloration in life of the species for the first time and to examine morphological variation. Brief notes on the distribution of the Japanese Pagurixus species are also provided.

scholarly journals Short-term transplantation of isolated human ovarian follicles and cortical tissue into nude mice

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Madeleine Dolmans ◽  
Belen Martinez-Madrid ◽  
Elodie Gadisseux ◽  
Yves Guiot ◽  
Wu Yuan Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nude Mice ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Histological Aspect ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

This study was designed to evaluate follicular survival and growth after short-term transplantation of fresh isolated human follicles and ovarian cortical tissue to nude mice. Ovarian biopsies were obtained from nine women undergoing laparoscopy. Twelve nude mice were xenografted with an ovarian cortical fragment in the right ovarian bursa, and a clot containing isolated follicles in the left, for a period of 7 days. One ungrafted fragment was used as a control. Histological sections were analyzed to determine follicle number and stage. The proliferative status of follicular cells was assessed by Ki-67 immunostaining. A total of 659 follicles was analyzed by histology and 545 follicles by immunohistochemistry. The percentage of primordial follicles was found to be markedly reduced 1 week post-grafting when compared with ungrafted tissue, while the percentage of primary follicles had significantly increased. Only 8% of follicles showed Ki-67-positive granulosa cells before grafting, whereas 1 week after grafting, 71% of follicles in fragments and 67% of isolated follicles were Ki-67-positive (P<0.001). Moreover, the histological aspect of isolated follicle grafts was similar to that of grafted fragments: follicles were surrounded by vimentin-positive stroma-like tissue of human origin, as confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization with human-specific probes. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that isolated human follicles are able to survive and grow after xenografting. This study also shows massive in vivo follicular activation after transplantation of grafted fragments and isolated follicles. One week after grafting, well-structured stroma-like tissue of human origin was observed around the isolated follicles. The potential origin of this stroma is discussed.

Revisited phylogeny of Bethylinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) solves basal polytomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-346
Author(s):  
Magno S. Ramos ◽  
Celso O. Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Strongly Convex ◽  
The Family ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time

Bethylinae are a morphologically well-defined subfamily of Bethylidae, with remarkable characters, such as strongly convex clypeal carina and bifid and angled tarsal claws. However, there is no consensus about the phylogenetic relationships among the genera within the family, regarding mainly Eupsenella and Lytopsenella. To resolve this problem, a phylogeny of the Bethylinae is inferred based on parsimony analyses separately of 43 and 44 morphological characters for males and females, respectively. We performed combined analyses of both sexes with 49 morphological characters, including genitalia. We present a phylogenetic analysis, including a total 118 species of Bethylinae. Male and female characters were included in these analyses. We discuss wing morphology and deformability of forewings for the first time. In summary, the basal polytomy was solved for the first time. Seven of the eight genera were recovered as monophyletic groups. The unique exception is Goniozus, which was retrieved as paraphyletic in all topologies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document