scholarly journals Alteration of Macrophage Infiltrating Compartment: A Novel View on Oral Carcinogenesis

Pathobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Manabu Shigeoka ◽  
Yu-ichiro Koma ◽  
Mari Nishio ◽  
Masaya Akashi ◽  
Hiroshi Yokozaki
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽  
Oral Carcinogenesis ◽  
Cancer Aggressiveness

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The mortality of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has remained high for decades; therefore, methods for early detection of OSCC are warranted. However, in the oral cavity, various mucosal diseases may be encountered, including reactive lesions and oral potentially malignant disorders, and it is difficult to differentiate OSCC from these lesions based on both clinical and histopathological findings. It is well known that chronic inflammation contributes to oral cancer development. Macrophages are among the most common inflammatory cells in cancer stromal tissue and have various roles in cancer aggressiveness. Although the roles of macrophages in cancer development have attracted attention, only a few studies have linked macrophages to carcinogenesis, particularly, oral precancerous lesions. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> This review article consists of 3 parts: first, we summarize current knowledge on macrophages in human various epithelial precancerous lesions, excluding the oral cavity, to show the importance and gaps in knowledge regarding macrophages in carcinogenesis; second, we review published data related to the role of macrophages in oral carcinogenesis; finally, we present a novel view on oral carcinogenesis, focusing on crosstalk between epithelial cells and macrophages. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> The biological features of macrophages in oral carcinogenesis differ drastically depending on the anatomical compartment that they infiltrate. Focusing on the alteration of macrophage infiltrating compartment may serve as a useful novel approach for studying the role of the macrophages in oral carcinogenesis and for gaining further insight into cancer prevention and early detection.

Role of Nurses in the Prevention and Early Detection of Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-166
Author(s):  
Patricia Da Rosa ◽  
Lori Koenecke ◽  
Laura Gudgeon ◽  
Whitney Keller ◽  
Wei Gu
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Prevention And Early Detection

scholarly journals Role of Oral Microbiome Signatures in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 153303381986735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Chattopadhyay ◽  
Mukesh Verma ◽  
Madhusmita Panda
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Carcinogenesis ◽  
Early Diagnostic

Despite advancement in cancer treatment, oral cancer has a poor prognosis and is often detected at late stage. To overcome these challenges, investigators should search for early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. More than 700 bacterial species reside in the oral cavity. The oral microbiome population varies by saliva and different habitats of oral cavity. Tobacco, alcohol, and betel nut, which are causative factors of oral cancer, may alter the oral microbiome composition. Both pathogenic and commensal strains of bacteria have significantly contributed to oral cancer. Numerous bacterial species in the oral cavity are involved in chronic inflammation that lead to development of oral carcinogenesis. Bacterial products and its metabolic by-products may induce permanent genetic alterations in epithelial cells of the host that drive proliferation and/or survival of epithelial cells. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum induce production of inflammatory cytokines, cell proliferation, and inhibition of apoptosis, cellular invasion, and migration thorough host cell genomic alterations. Recent advancement in metagenomic technologies may be useful in identifying oral cancer–related microbiome, their genomes, virulence properties, and their interaction with host immunity. It is very important to address which bacterial species is responsible for driving oral carcinogenesis. Alteration in the oral commensal microbial communities have potential application as a diagnostic tool to predict oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clinicians should be aware that the protective properties of the resident microflora are beneficial to define treatment strategies. To develop highly precise and effective therapeutic approaches, identification of specific oral microbiomes may be required. In this review, we narrate the role of microbiome in the progression of oral cancer and its role as an early diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for oral cancer.

scholarly journals Pancreatic Macrophages: Critical Players in Obesity-Promoted Pancreatic Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1946
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Teper ◽  
Guido Eibl
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Macrophages ◽  
Pancreatic Neoplasia ◽  
The Impact

Obesity is a known risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest types of malignancies. In recent years it has become clear that the pancreatic microenvironment is critically involved and a contributing factor in accelerating pancreatic neoplasia. In this context obesity-associated chronic inflammation plays an important role. Among several immune cells, macrophages have been shown to contribute to obesity-induced tissue inflammation. This review article summarizes the current knowledge about the role of pancreatic macrophages in early pancreatic cancer development. It describes the heterogenous origin and mixture of pancreatic macrophages, their role in pancreatic endocrine and exocrine pathology, and the impact of obesity on islet and stromal macrophages. A model is postulated, by which during obesity monocytes are recruited into the pancreas, where they are polarized into pro-inflammatory macrophages that drive early pancreatic neoplasia. This occurs in the presence of local inflammatory, metabolic, and endocrine signals. A stronger appreciation and more detailed knowledge about the role of macrophages in early pancreatic cancer development will lead to innovative preventive or interceptive strategies.

scholarly journals Association of Viral Infections With Oral Cavity Lesions: Role of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa ◽  
Massimo Libra ◽  
Rocco De Pasquale ◽  
Sebastiano Ferlito ◽  
Eugenio Pedullà
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Coxsackie Virus ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Indirect Action

Different viral agents, such as herpesviruses, human papillomavirus, and Coxsackie virus, are responsible for primary oral lesions, while other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, affect the oral cavity due to immune system weakness. Interestingly, it has been reported that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients can show cutaneous manifestations, including the oral cavity. However, the association between oral injuries and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is still unclear. This narrative review aimed to summarize the available literature and provide an overview of oral lesions associated with COVID-19. An online literature search was conducted to select relevant studies published up to November 2020. The results of 17 studies showed variability in oral lesions associated with COVID-19, including ulcerations, aphthous-like lesions, and macules. The tongue, lips, and palate were the most frequent anatomical locations. According to current knowledge, the etiopathogenesis of multiple COVID-19-associated lesions seems to be multifactorial. The appearance of such lesions could be related to the direct or indirect action of SARS-CoV-2 over the oral mucosa cells, coinfections, immunity impairment, and adverse drug reactions. Nevertheless, COVID-19-associated oral lesions may be underreported, mainly due to lockdown periods and the lack of mandatory dispositive protection. Consequently, further research is necessary to determine the diagnostic and pathological significance of oral manifestations of COVID-19. All medical doctors, dentists, and dermatologists are encouraged to perform an accurate and thorough oral examination of all suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases to recognize the disease's possible early manifestations.

scholarly journals Role of microRNA in muscle regeneration and diseases related to muscle dysfunction in atrophy, cachexia, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 798-807
Author(s):  
Joanna Brzeszczyńska ◽  
Filip Brzeszczyński ◽  
David F Hamilton ◽  
Robin McGregor ◽  
A. Hamish R. W. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Improve Patient Management ◽  
Limb Immobilization ◽  
Improve Patient

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that have emerged as potential predictive, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers, relevant to many pathophysiological conditions including limb immobilization, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, and cachexia. Impaired musculoskeletal homeostasis leads to distinct muscle atrophies. Understanding miRNA involvement in the molecular mechanisms underpinning conditions such as muscle wasting may be critical to developing new strategies to improve patient management. MicroRNAs are powerful post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in muscle and, importantly, are also detectable in the circulation. MicroRNAs are established modulators of muscle satellite stem cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, however, there have been limited human studies that investigate miRNAs in muscle wasting. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge as to the role of miRNAs in the skeletal muscle differentiation and atrophy, synthesizing the findings of published data. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(11):798–807.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Important Players and Biomarkers in Oral Carcinogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjie Min ◽  
Chao Zhu ◽  
Shuping Peng ◽  
Saroj Rajthala ◽  
Daniela Elena Costea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Oral Carcinogenesis ◽  
Significant Attention

Oral cancer, represented mainly by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is the eighth most common type of human cancer worldwide. The number of new OSCC cases is increasing worldwide, especially in the low-income countries, and the prognosis remains poor in spite of recent advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 18–25 nucleotides long noncoding RNA molecules, have recently gained significant attention as potential regulators and biomarkers for carcinogenesis. Recent data show that several miRNAs are deregulated in OSCC, and they have either a tumor suppressive or an oncogenic role in oral carcinogenesis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of miRNAs as tumor promotors or tumor suppressors in OSCC development and discusses their potential value as diagnostic and prognostic markers in OSCC.

scholarly journals Oral microbiota and Helicobacter pylori in gastric carcinogenesis: what do we know and where next?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti ◽  
Saeid Latifi-Navid
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Transmission ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Prevention Methods

AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies causing death worldwide, and Helicobacter pylori is a powerful inducer of precancerous lesions and GC. The oral microbiota is a complex ecosystem and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, modulating the immune system, and resisting pathogens. It has been proposed that the gastric microbiota of oral origin is involved in the development and progression of GC. Nevertheless, the causal relationship between oral microbiota and GC and the role of H. pylori in this relationship is still controversial. This study was set to review the investigations done on oral microbiota and analyze various lines of evidence regarding the role of oral microbiota in GC, to date. Also, we discussed the interaction and relationship between H. pylori and oral microbiota in GC and the current understanding with regard to the underlying mechanisms of oral microbiota in carcinogenesis. More importantly, detecting the patterns of interaction between the oral cavity microbiota and H. pylori may render new clues for the diagnosis or screening of cancer. Integration of oral microbiota and H. pylori might manifest a potential method for the assessment of GC risk. Hence it needs to be specified the patterns of bacterial transmission from the oral cavity to the stomach and their interaction. Further evidence on the mechanisms underlying the oral microbiota communities and how they trigger GC may contribute to the identification of new prevention methods for GC. We may then modulate the oral microbiota by intervening with oral-gastric bacterial transmission or controlling certain bacteria in the oral cavity.

scholarly journals The multifunctional RNA-binding protein Staufen1: an emerging regulator of oncogenesis through its various roles in key cellular events

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekoufeh Almasi ◽  
Bernard J. Jasmin
Keyword(s):  
Rna Binding ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Rna Binding Protein ◽  
Rna Metabolism ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Cell Functions

AbstractThe double-stranded multifunctional RNA-binding protein (dsRBP) Staufen was initially discovered in insects as a regulator of mRNA localization. Later, its mammalian orthologs have been described in different organisms, including humans. Two human orthologues of Staufen, named Staufen1 (STAU1) and Staufen2 (STAU2), share some structural and functional similarities. However, given their different spatio-temporal expression patterns, each of these orthologues plays distinct roles in cells. In the current review, we focus on the role of STAU1 in cell functions and cancer development. Since its discovery, STAU1 has mostly been studied for its involvement in various aspects of RNA metabolism. Given the pivotal role of RNA metabolism within cells, recent studies have explored the mechanistic impact of STAU1 in a wide variety of cell functions ranging from cell growth to cell death, as well as in various disease states. In particular, there has been increasing attention on the role of STAU1 in neuromuscular disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of STAU1 in RNA metabolism and cell functions. We also highlight the link between STAU1-mediated control of cellular functions and cancer development, progression, and treatment. Hence, our review emphasizes the potential of STAU1 as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer diagnosis and treatment, respectively.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut and Lung Microbiota in Susceptibility to Tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12220
Author(s):  
Pasquale Comberiati ◽  
Maria Di Cicco ◽  
Francesco Paravati ◽  
Umberto Pelosi ◽  
Alessandro Di Gangi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection

Tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases and infectious causes of death worldwide. Over the last decades, significant research effort has been directed towards defining the understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis to improve diagnosis and therapeutic options. Emerging scientific evidence indicates a possible role of the human microbiota in the pathophysiology of tuberculosis, response to therapy, clinical outcomes, and post-treatment outcomes. Although human studies on the role of the microbiota in tuberculosis are limited, published data in recent years, both from experimental and clinical studies, suggest that a better understanding of the gut–lung microbiome axis and microbiome–immune crosstalk could shed light on the specific pathogenetic mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we address the current knowledge of the host immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, the emerging evidence on how gut and lung microbiota can modulate susceptibility to tuberculosis, the available studies on the possible use of probiotic–antibiotic combination therapy for the treatment of tuberculosis, and the knowledge gaps and future research priorities in this field.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Value of Cytokeratin 17 during Oral Carcinogenesis: An Immunohistochemical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sirima Sanguansin ◽  
Theerachai Kosanwat ◽  
Rachai Juengsomjit ◽  
Sopee Poomsawat
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Premalignant Lesions ◽  
Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽  
Normal Oral Mucosa ◽  
Cytokeratin 17 ◽  
Oral Carcinogenesis ◽  
Clinicopathologic Factors ◽  
Potentially Malignant

Background. Little is known about the role of cytokeratin 17 (CK17) during oral carcinogenesis. CK17 expression in oral leukoplakia (OL), the most encountered oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains very limited. To determine the role of CK17 during oral carcinogenesis and its potential diagnostic marker in oral premalignant and malignant lesions, this study evaluated CK17 expression in OL without dysplasia, OL with dysplasia, and OSCC. CK17 expression in these tissues was compared with those of normal oral mucosa (NOM). Additionally, the relationship between CK17 expression and clinicopathologic factors of OSCC was investigated. Methods. CK17 expression was evaluated in 186 samples consisting of 12 NOM, 33 OL without dysplasia, 58 OL with dysplasia, and 83 OSCC using immunohistochemistry. The proportion of positively immunostained cells was evaluated and scored. Results. CK17 was expressed in 8.3%, 54.5%, 74.1%, and 90.4% of NOM, OL without dysplasia, OL with dysplasia, and OSCC, respectively. NOM had a significantly lower CK17 score than OL with dysplasia ( p = 0.0003 ) and OSCC ( p < 0.0001 ). A significant association between CK17 expression and histopathologic differentiation of OSCC was found. Tumors with well differentiation had high CK17 expression compared with those of moderate and poor differentiation. Conclusion. CK17 was overexpressed in OL with dysplasia and OSCC, suggesting that CK17 plays a pivotal role in the development of premalignant lesions and OSCC. Of clinical significance, CK17 may be a good diagnostic marker for oral premalignant lesions and OSCC. Additionally, CK17 could be used as an objective tool to classify histopathologic grade in OSCC. The findings that CK17 expression is high in OSCC but low in NOM imply that CK17 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.

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