Chromosomal Analysis of Ctenolucius hujeta Valenciennes, 1850 (Characiformes): A New Piece in the Chromosomal Evolution of the Ctenoluciidae

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
José Souza ◽  
Erika Guimarães ◽  
Vanessa Pinheiro-Figliuolo ◽  
Marcelo B. Cioffi ◽  
Luiz A.C. Bertollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Telomeric Sequences ◽  
Generic Status ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Chromosomal Markers ◽  
Unusual Phenomenon

Ctenoluciidae (Characiformes), a family of freshwater fishes, comprises 2 genera, <i>Ctenolucius</i> and <i>Boulengerella</i>, with 7 recognized species. Up to now, only species of the genus <i>Boulengerella</i> have been subjected to cytogenetic studies. Here, we investigated the karyotype and other cytogenetic features of pike characin, <i>Ctenolucius hujeta</i>, using conventional (Giemsa staining, C-banding, Ag-NOR staining) and molecular (rDNA, telomeric sequences, and fiber-FISH mapping) procedures. This species has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 36, and a karyotype composed of 12m + 20sm + 4a and FN = 68, similar to that found in <i>Boulengerella</i> species. However, differences regarding the number and distribution of several chromosomal markers support a distinct generic status. Colocalization of the 18S and 5S rDNA genes is an exclusive characteristic of the <i>C. hujeta</i> genome, with an interspersed distribution in the chromosomal fiber, an unusual phenomenon among eukaryotes. Additionally, our results support the view that Ctenoluciidae and Lebiasinidae families are closely related.

scholarly journals Rapid chromosomal evolution in the bush-cricket Gonatoxia helleri Hemp, 2016 (Orthoptera, Phaneropterinae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa ◽  
Beata Grzywacz ◽  
Anna Maryańska-Nadachowska ◽  
Klaus-Gerhard Heller ◽  
Claudia Hemp
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
18S Rdna ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphism ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Telomeric Sequences ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Interstitial Telomeric Sequences ◽  
Rdna Loci ◽  
Bush Crickets

Gonatoxia helleri Hemp, 2016 is one of the most widespread bush-crickets of the genus Gonatoxia Karsch, 1889 in East Africa. This species with seven large chromosomes (2n♂ = 7) differs from other representatives of the genus Gonatoxia drastically by its reduced chromosome number, the asymmetrical karyotype including karyomorphs rarely found in tettigoniids, as well as in irregularities in the course of meiosis. To better understand the origin of such an exceptional karyotype, chromosomes of 29 specimens from four populations/localities were studied using classical techniques, such as C-banding, silver impregnation, fluorochrome double staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)n telomeric probes. FISH showed many 18S rDNA loci as well as interstitial telomeric sequences, where chromosome morphology varied in these components in terms of quantity and distribution. The 18S rDNA loci coincided with active NORs and C-banding patterns. We suggest that a combination of Robertsonian rearrangements and/or multiple common tandem fusions involving the same chromosomes contributed to the formation of this karyotype/karyomorphs. The results are the first step towards a better understanding of chromosomal reorganization and evolution within the genus Gonatoxia. Low chromosome number, together with the incidence of chromosomal polymorphism that is higher in G. helleri than previously reported in bush-crickets, implies that this species can be a valuable new model for cytogenetic and speciation studies. Our findings suggest that chromosomal translocations lead to diversification and speciation in this species and could be the driving force of adaptive radiation.

scholarly journals Comparative cytogenetics of Serrasalmidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): The relationship between chromosomal evolution and molecular phylogenies

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258003
Author(s):  
Ramon Marin Favarato ◽  
Leila Braga Ribeiro ◽  
Alber Campos ◽  
Jorge Ivan Rebelo Porto ◽  
Celeste Mutuko Nakayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Comparative Cytogenetics ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
The Family ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques ◽  
The Relationship

Serrasalmidae has high morphological and chromosomal diversity. Based on molecular hypotheses, the family is currently divided into two subfamilies, Colossomatinae and Serrasalminae, with Serrasalminae composed of two tribes: Myleini (comprising most of pacus species) and Serrasalmini (represented by Metynnis, Catoprion, and remaining piranha’s genera). This study aimed to analyze species of the tribes Myleini (Myloplus asterias, M. lobatus, M. rubripinnis, M. schomburgki, and Tometes camunani) and Serrasalmini (Metynnis cuiaba, M. hypsauchen, and M. longipinnis) using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques in order to understand the chromosomal evolution of the family. The four species of the genus Myloplus and T. camunani presented 2n = 58 chromosomes, while the species of Metynnis presented 2n = 62 chromosomes. The distribution of heterochromatin occurred predominantly in pericentromeric regions in all species. Tometes camunani and Myloplus spp. presented only one site with 5S rDNA. Multiple markers of 18S rDNA were observed in T. camunani, M. asterias, M. lobatus, M. rubripinnis, and M. schomburgkii. For Metynnis, however, synteny of the 18S and 5S rDNA was observed in the three species, in addition to an additional 5S marker in M. longipinnis. These data, when superimposed on the phylogeny of the family, suggest a tendency to increase the diploid chromosome number from 54 to 62 chromosomes, which occurred in a nonlinear manner and is the result of several chromosomal rearrangements. In addition, the different karyotype formulas and locations of ribosomal sequences can be used as cytotaxonomic markers and assist in the identification of species.

scholarly journals Chromosomal painting of the sandpiper (Actitis macularius) detects several fissions for the Scolopacidae family (Charadriiformes)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melquizedec Luiz Silva Pinheiro ◽  
Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi ◽  
Talita Fernanda Augusto Ribas ◽  
Cristovam Guerreiro Diniz ◽  
Patricia Caroline Mary O´Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Painting ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Chromosomal Painting ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Burhinus Oedicnemus ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background The Scolopacidae family (Suborder Scolopaci, Charadriiformes) is composed of sandpipers and snipes; these birds are long-distance migrants that show great diversity in their behavior and habitat use. Cytogenetic studies in the Scolopacidae family show the highest diploid numbers for order Charadriiformes. This work analyzes for the first time the karyotype of Actitis macularius by classic cytogenetics and chromosome painting. Results The species has a diploid number of 92, composed mostly of telocentric pairs. This high 2n is greater than the proposed 80 for the avian ancestral putative karyotype (a common feature among Scolopaci), suggesting that fission rearrangements have formed smaller macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using Burhinus oedicnemus whole chromosome probes confirmed the fissions in pairs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 of macrochromosomes. Conclusion Comparative analysis with other species of Charadriiformes studied by chromosome painting together with the molecular phylogenies for the order allowed us to raise hypotheses about the chromosomal evolution in suborder Scolopaci. From this, we can establish a clear idea of how chromosomal evolution occurred in this suborder.

INVESTIGATIONS ON RUBBER-BEARING PLANTS: IV. CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN ASCLEPIAS (TOURN.) L.

1946 ◽  
Vol 24c (3) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Natural Hybrids ◽  
Rubber Bearing ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies

The chromosome number of eight species and varieties of Asclepias (A. syriaca, A. incarnata and variety pulchra and forma albiflora, A. Sullivantii, A. tuberosa, A. curassavica, A. speciosa) was found to be 2n = 22.Various interspecific pollinations were attempted without success. A cross of A. incarnata with forma albiflora was successful.Possible natural hybrids between A. syriaca and A. speciosa and between A. incarnata and var. pulchra and forma albiflora are described. Two unusual chimaeral plants of A. incarnata that produced several stems of forma albiflora are described.

scholarly journals Comparative molecular cytogenetics in Melipona Illiger species (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Sociobiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanderly Andrade-Souza ◽  
Olivia Maria Pereira Duarte ◽  
Cinthia Caroline Cardoso Martins ◽  
Igor Silva Santos ◽  
Márcio Gilberto Cardoso Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Melipona Species ◽  
Almost All

Cytogenetic studies in Melipona are scarce with only 24 species analyzed cytogenetically. Of these, six species had the rDNA sites physically mapped and characterized by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (fish). The aim of this study was to perform karyotype analyzes on Melipona species from different regions of Brazil, with a greater sampling representative of the Amazonian fauna and using conventional, fluorochrome staining and FISH with heterologous rDNA probes. The predominant chromosome number was 2n = 18, however, the subspecies M. seminigra abunensis and M. s. pernigra showed 2n = 22 chromosomes. The karyotypes were symmetrical, however M. bicolor, M. quadrifasciata, M. flavolineata, M. fuscopilosa, M. nebulosa presented the first pair heteromorphic in length. CMA3+ blocks also exhibited heteromorphism of size and in almost all cases coincided with rDNA sites, except for M. crinita and M. nebulosa, which presented additional non-coincident CMA3+ blocks. The CMA/ rDNA sites were terminal and interstitial in species with high heterochromatic content, and pericentromeric in those species with low heterochromatic content. In addition to pointing out cytogenetic features of cytotaxonomic importance, the reorganization of the genome in Melipona is discussed.

scholarly journals Karyotypes of three species of Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae) enable morphologically similar species to be distinguished

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Cansanção Silva ◽  
Lucas Henrique Bonfim Souza ◽  
Juliana Chamorro-Rengifo ◽  
Douglas Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Cerrado Biome ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
The Difference

Phaneropterinae is the largest subfamily of Tettigoniidae, distributed across the globe. There are few cytogenetic studies regarding this group, as in the case of the genus group Aniarae, which represents only two karyotyped species. The current study aims to analyze cytogenetically three species of Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 from Brazil. The male diploid number of Hyperophoraminor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 and Hyperophoramajor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 is 2n♂= 31, whereas Hyperophorabrasiliensis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 has shown 2n♂= 29. These three species possess an X0 sex chromosome system and telo/acrocentric chromosome morphology. The only species found in the Pantanal biome, H.brasiliensis, can be chromosomally distinguished from the Cerrado biome species H.major and H.minor, due to the difference in chromosome number (2n♂= 29 and 2n♂= 31, respectively).

The use of double fluorescence in situ hybridization to physically map the positions of 5S rDNA genes in relation to the chromosomal location of 18S–5.8S–26S rDNA and a C genome specific DNA sequence in the genus Avena

Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concha Linares ◽  
Juan González ◽  
Esther Ferrer ◽  
Araceli Fominaya
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
26S Rdna ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Rdna Loci ◽  
C Genome

A physical map of the locations of the 5S rDNA genes and their relative positions with respect to 18S–5.8S–26S rDNA genes and a C genome specific repetitive DNA sequence was produced for the chromosomes of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid oat species using in situ hybridization. The A genome diploid species showed two pairs of rDNA loci and two pairs of 5S loci located on both arms of one pair of satellited chromosomes. The C genome diploid species showed two major pairs and one minor pair of rDNA loci. One pair of subtelocentric chromosomes carried rDNA and 5S loci physically separated on the long arm. The tetraploid species (AACC genomes) arising from these diploid ancestors showed two pairs of rDNA loci and three pairs of 5S loci. Two pairs of rDNA loci and 2 pairs of 5S loci were arranged as in the A genome diploid species. The third pair of 5S loci was located on one pair of A–C translocated chromosomes using simultaneous in situ hybridization with 5S rDNA genes and a C genome specific repetitive DNA sequence. The hexaploid species (AACCDD genomes) showed three pairs of rDNA loci and six pairs of 5S loci. One pair of 5S loci was located on each of two pairs of C–A/D translocated chromosomes. Comparative studies of the physical arrangement of rDNA and 5S loci in polyploid oats and the putative A and C genome progenitor species suggests that A genome diploid species could be the donor of both A and D genomes of polyploid oats. Key words : oats, 5S rDNA genes, 18S–5.8S–26S rDNA genes, C genome specific repetitive DNA sequence, in situ hybridization, genome evolution.

Cytogenetic studies of leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula, and its allies (Euphorbiaceae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2247-2257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Stahevitch ◽  
C. W. Crompton ◽  
W. A. Wojtas
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Meiotic Abnormalities ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Polymorphic Species ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Euphorbia Cyparissias

Cytological and cytogenetic studies were carried out on populations of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L. s.l.) and its allies primarily from North America but also from Europe. Chromosome numbers were determined for 126 samples of E. esula, 11 of E. cyparissias L., 1 of the hybrid (E. ×pseudoesula Schur) between these two species, and 1 of E. agraria Bieb. All plants of E. esula were hexaploid. Of the total, 125 leafy spurge accessions had a chromosome number of n = 30; 1 of n = 25++. Very few meiotic abnormalities were observed. Euphorbia cyparissias was primarily tetraploid (n = 20), although occasional diploids (n = 10) were encountered. Tetraploids were fertile; diploids were sterile. The hybrid between the two foregoing species had a chromosome number of n = 25, indicating that the E. cyparissias parent was a tetraploid; meiosis in the hybrid was abnormal. Euphorbia agraria was found to have a gametic number of n = 20, which is the first chromosome number determination for this species; meiosis was normal. Artificial crosses were made successfully between 31 accessions of leafy spurge. Seed germination of the F1 progeny slightly exceeded that reported for natural populations, and meiosis was normal. Pollen stability studies were carried out on herbarium material. Stainability was 100% for most of the samples studied. Extensive pollen size polymorphism was found. It is suggested that this phenomenon supports the hypothesis that E. esula is of allopolyploid origin. No cytological or cytogenetic basis was found for considering the leafy spurge accessions examined in this study as other than as a single, albeit somewhat polymorphic, species.

Chromosome studies on African plants. 9. Chromosome numbers in Ehrharta (Poaceae: Ehrharteae)

Bothalia ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Spies ◽  
E. J. L. Saayman ◽  
S. P. Voges ◽  
G. Davidse
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
African Plants ◽  
First Time

Cytogenetic studies of 53 specimens of 14 species of the genus  Ehrharta Thunb. confirmed a basic chromosome number of 12 for the genus. Chromosome numbers for 13 species are described for the first time. The highest ploidy level yet observed in the genus (2n = lOx = 120) is reported for E. villosa var.  villosa. B chromosomes were observed in several specimens of four different species.

Paracentric Inversions Differentiate the Conservative Karyotypes in Two Centropomus Species (Teleostei: Centropomidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda T. Borges ◽  
Marcelo B. Cioffi ◽  
Luiz A.C. Bertollo ◽  
Rodrigo X. Soares ◽  
Gideão W.W.F. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Replication Banding ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

Centropomus is the sole genus of the Centropomidae family (Teleostei), comprising 12 species widely distributed throughout the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific, with 6 of them occurring in the Western Atlantic in extensive sympatry. Their life history and phylogenetic relationships are well characterized; however, aspects of chromosomal evolution are still unknown. Here, cytogenetic analyses of 2 Centropomus species of great economic value (C. undecimalis and C. mexicanus) were performed using conventional (Giemsa, Ag-NOR, and fluorochrome staining, C- and replication banding) and molecular (chromosomal mapping of 18S and 5S rDNA, H2A-H2B and H3 hisDNA, and (TTAGGG)n repeats) approaches. The karyotypes of both species were composed of 48 solely acrocentric chromosomes (2n = 48; FN = 48), but the single ribosomal site was located in varying positions in the long arms of the second largest chromosome pair. Replication bands were generally similar, although conspicuous differences were observed in some chromosome regions. In both species, the histone H3 genes were located on 3 apparently homeologous chromosome pairs, but the exact position of these clusters differed slightly. Interspecific hisDNA and rDNA site displacements can indicate the occurrence of multiple paracentric inversions during the evolutionary diversification of the Centropomus genomes. Although the karyotypes remained similar in both species, our data demonstrate an unsuspected microstructural reorganization between them, driven most likely by a series of paracentric inversions.

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