scholarly journals Analysis of Three Mutations in Italian Strains of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Pathogenesis

Chemotherapy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Domenico Benvenuto ◽  
Francesca Benedetti ◽  
Ayse Banu Demir ◽  
Massimo Ciccozzi ◽  
Davide Zella
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Enveloped Virus ◽  
Whole Genomes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped virus initially detected in Wuhan in December 2019, responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory syndrome currently affecting >220 countries around the world, with >80 million cases registered and >1.8 million deaths. Objective: As several vaccines are still being developed and 2 have been approved, it is particularly important to perform evolutionary surveillance to identify mutations potentially affecting vaccine efficacy. Methods: DynaMut server has been used to evaluate the impact of the mutation found on SARS-CoV-2 isolates available on GISAID. Results: In this article, we analyze whole genomes sequenced from Italian patients, and we report the characterization of 3 mutations, one of which presents in the spike protein. Conclusion: The mutations analyzed in this article can be useful to evaluate the evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Emergence of Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Escape Variants in an Immunocompromised Host Undergoing Convalescent Plasma Treatment

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Chen ◽  
Michael C. Zody ◽  
Clara Di Germanio ◽  
Rachel Martinelli ◽  
Jose R. Mediavilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Immunocompromised Host ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
The World

Over a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, distinct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineages have arisen in multiple geographic areas around the world. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), i.e., B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta), P.1 (gamma), and B.1.617.2 (delta), harboring mutations and/or deletions in spike protein N-terminal domain (NTD) or receptor-binding domain (RBD) regions showed evidence of increased transmissibility and disease severity and possible reduced vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals SPIKE PROTEIN AND ITS PROTEASES ROLE IN SARS-COV-2 PATHOGENICITY AND TREATMENT; A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fateme Tavakoli Far ◽  
◽  
Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Cathepsin B ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Common Receptor ◽  
The World

Since December 2019, a novel beta coronavirus has spread around the world. This virus can cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In this study, we reviewed proteases of SARS-CoV-2 based on related articles published in journals indexed by Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar from December 2019 to April 2020. Based on this study, we can claim that this coronavirus has about 76% genotype similarity to SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Also, similarities between these two viruses have been found in the mechanism of entry into host cells and pathogenicity. ACE 2, the angiotensin convertase enzyme 2, plays a role in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) and blood pressure regulation. Some mechanisms have been reported for the role of ACE 2 in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. For example, the interaction between the ACE 2 receptor and spike protein mediated by TMPRSS2, Cathepsin B/L, and other enzymes is responsible for the entry of the virus into human cells and pathogenicity. Some host cell endosomal enzymes are necessary to cleavage coronavirus spike protein and cause binding to their common receptor. So, we conclude that molecules like antibodies or small molecules like ACE 2 antagonists and soluble ACE 2 can be used as a good therapeutic candidate to prevent SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals A comparative evaluation between the impact of previous outbreaks and COVID-19 on the tourism industry

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulcin Ozbay ◽  
Mehmet Sariisik ◽  
Veli Ceylan ◽  
Muzaffer Çakmak
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Death Cases

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to make a comparative evaluation of the impacts of previous outbreaks and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the tourism industry. COVID-19 appears to have disrupted all memorizations about epidemics ever seen. Nobody has anticipated that the outbreak in late December will spread rapidly across the world, be fatal and turn the world economy upside down. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome and others caused limited losses in a limited geography, thus similar behaviors were expected at first in COVID-19. But it was not so. Today, people continue to lose their lives and experience economic difficulties. One of the most important distressed industries is undoubtedly tourism.Design/methodology/approachThis study is a literature review. In this review, a comparative evaluation between the impact of previous outbreaks and COVID-19 on the tourism industry has been made based on statistics and previous research studies.FindingsThe information and figures obtained show that COVID-19 and previous outbreaks have such significant differences that cannot be compared. COVID-19 has been one of the worst to live in terms of spreading speed, the geography where it spreads, loss of lives and negative effects in the whole area.Originality/valueIt is noteworthy that COVID-19 is very severe in terms of death cases and also its impacts on the economy compared to other pandemics. It remains to be argued that COVID-19 can also be a reference in terms of possible new outbreaks in the future, and is an effective actor in determining future strategies.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Implications for Food, Water, Hygiene, Sanitation, and Environmental Safety in Africa: A Case Study in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courage Kosi Setsoafia Saba
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Governments all over the world are currently grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic. While some countries were very hard hit, others were only mildly hit but all are still taking measures to mitigate the consequences. The virus emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and spread to most continents by the beginning of March 2020, which led to the World Health Organization declaring it as a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. Since it was a novel disease, there was limited information on the virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the same family as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Researchers all over the world started working simultaneously to understand the virus to provide the necessary treatment regime or vaccine in order to reduce the impact of the virus on its victims. Africa and other developing countries with limited resources and poor planning and management are expected to be among the worst hit in the long run. The implications of the COVID-19 on food, water, hygiene, sanitation, and the environment in Africa have been reviewed in this paper, as well as possible implications they may pose to the population, based on the existing common practices and their immediate impacts. This information can assist policymakers in Africa to adequately plan the management of the COVID-19 in order to lessen its impact on the population.

scholarly journals Data Visualization and Analyzation of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Fahima Khanam ◽  
Itisha Nowrin ◽  
M. Rubaiyat Hossain Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Death Cases

Since December 2019 the world is experiencing a deadly disease caused by a novel coronavirus termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease associated with this virus is known as COVID-19. This paper focuses on COVID-19 based on freely available datasets including the ones in Kaggle repository. Data analytics is provided on a number of aspects of COVID-19 including the symptoms of this disease, the difference of COVID-19 with other diseases caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and swine flu. The impact of temperature on the spread of COVID-19 is also discussed based on the datasets. Moreover, data visualization is provided on the comparison of infections in males/females which shows that males are more prone to this disease and the older people are more at risk. Based on the data, the pattern in the increase of confirmed cases is found to be an exponential curve in nature. Finally, the relative number of confirmed, recovered and death cases in different countries are shown with data visualization.

scholarly journals Chemistry for Audio Heritage Preservation: A Review of Analytical Techniques for Audio Magnetic Tapes

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1551-1587
Author(s):  
Federica Bressan ◽  
Richard L. Hess ◽  
Paolo Sgarbossa ◽  
Roberta Bertani
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Chemical Identification ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
The World ◽  
Instrumental Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive

Vast and important cultural resources are entrusted to magnetic tape around the world, but they are susceptible to degradation, which may lead to severe replay problems. Audio magnetic tapes are complex and multicomponent devices containing organic compounds and metal systems, which can be potential catalysts for many degradative reactions in the presence of water, light, or heating. The aim of this review is to collect the literature concerning the analytical determinations and instrumental approaches that can achieve the chemical identification of the components in the tape and the degradation state. Thus, a combination of destructive (such as acetone extraction) and non-destructive techniques (such as ATR FTIR spectroscopy) have been proposed, together with SEM, ESEM, XRD and TGA analyses to assess the chemical and physical characterization of the tape with the purpose to individualize restoration treatments and optimize conditions for preservation. The impact of the studies reviewed in this paper may go beyond audio, being potentially relevant to video, data, instrumentation, and logging tapes.

scholarly journals Immunological Characterization of the Spike Protein of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1570-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lu ◽  
I. Manopo ◽  
B. P. Leung ◽  
H. H. Chng ◽  
A. E. Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Immunological Characterization

scholarly journals COVID-19 Treatment: Drug Safety Prior to Conception and During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (01) ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Marcelo Borges Cavalcante ◽  
Candice Torres de Melo Bezerra Cavalcante ◽  
Ana Catherine Sampaio Braga ◽  
Dennyse Araújo Andrade ◽  
Mariana Albuquerque Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn December 2019, a new viral respiratory infection known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first diagnosed in the city of Wuhan, China. COVID-19 quickly spread across the world, leading the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a similar virus to those involved in other epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Epidemiological studies have shown that COVID-19 frequently affects young adults of reproductive age and that the elderly and patients with chronic disease have high mortality rates. Little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and breastfeeding. Most COVID-19 cases present with mild flu-like symptoms and only require treatment with symptomatic relief medications, whereas other cases with COVID-19 require treatment in an intensive care unit. There is currently no specific effective treatment for COVID-19. A large number of drugs are being used to fight infection by SARS-CoV-2. Experience with this therapeutic arsenal has been gained over the years in the treatment of other viral, autoimmune, parasitic, and bacterial diseases. Importantly, the search for an effective treatment for COVID-19 cannot expose pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 to the potential teratogenic risks of these drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to determine and understand the safety of anti-COVID-19 therapies prior to conception and during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

scholarly journals Insights into COVID-19 Delta variant (B.1.617.2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Yun-Kuan Thye ◽  
Ke-Yan Loo ◽  
Kyle Bond Chene Tan ◽  
Jenny May-Sim Lau ◽  
Vengadesh Letchumanan
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Vaccine Booster ◽  
Alpha Variant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Since beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), different variants of concern (VOC) have been discovered. One of the variants that stood out was the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), first found in India. It caught worldwide attention due to its greater transmissibility than the progenitor strain and the first variant of concern (VOC)- Alpha variant (B.1.1.7). B.1.617.2 spread rapidly across the globe and became a VOC due to its high transmissibility, clinical implications, and impact on vaccine efficacy. This review discusses the background and prevalence of B.1.617.2 and its sensitivity to convalescent sera and vaccinated individuals. We will provide an insight into the impact B.1.617.2 has on vaccine efficacy and discuss the level and type of protection an individual could get by being vaccinated. We will also discuss briefly on the COVID-19 vaccine booster doses and whether it is needed.

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