scholarly journals The Usefulness of a Simple Classification for Bronchoscopic Findings for Diagnosis of Peripheral Pulmonary Tumour

Respiration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Takehisa Fukada ◽  
Katsuhiko Morita ◽  
Noriaki Kurimoto ◽  
Mihoko Setoguchi ◽  
Seishi Nosaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Narrow Band Imaging ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Simple Classification ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Short Wavelength Light ◽  
Blue Line

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Normal bronchial epithelium has been described in terms of transparency and smoothness. No studies have compared bronchoscopic and pathological findings in the identification of bronchial epithelium. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study aimed to classify bronchoscopic findings for peripheral pulmonary tumour (PPT) for accurate bronchoscopic diagnosis accounting for the presences of bronchial epithelium and bronchial stenosis using an ultrathin bronchoscope. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We performed endocytoscopy using narrow-band imaging (NBI) of specimens immediately after lobectomy to investigate the normal bronchial epithelium under the physiological saline injection technique (PSIT) prior to classification of PPT. A retrospective study to classify bronchoscopic findings included 46 patients diagnosed with malignancy by bronchoscopy for PPT. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We recognized a “light blue line” (LBL) with NBI under PSIT, corresponding to strong reflection of short-wavelength light by cilia on the epithelial surface in an ex vivo endocytoscopic study. Bronchoscopic findings of PPT were classified morphologically into stenotic type (ST) and non-stenotic type (NonST). Tumours were also classified as exposed type (ET) and non-exposed type (NonET) based on the presence of epithelium. Most ST and NonET lesions (74%) were adenocarcinoma. Among squamous cell carcinoma, 55% were categorized as ST and ET. All NonST and NonET cases were adenocarcinoma. A significant difference in the presence of LBL was seen between ET and NonET. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our simple classification based on the appearance of stenosis and LBL in PPT may facilitate pathological diagnosis.

Aerosol generation through pars plana vitrectomy

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-317214
Author(s):  
Hasan Naveed ◽  
Fong May Chew ◽  
Hanbin Lee ◽  
Edward Hughes ◽  
Mayank A Nanavaty
Keyword(s):  
Pars Plana Vitrectomy ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Aerosol Generation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Optical Particle Counter ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
23 Gauge ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

PurposeTo assess whether pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is an aerosol-generating procedure (AGP) in an ex vivo experimental model.MethodsIn this ex vivo study on 10 porcine eyes, optical particle counter was used to measure particles ≤10 μm using cumulative mode in the six in-built channels: 0.3 μm, 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 2.5 μm, 5 μm and 10 μm aerosols during PPV. Two parts of the study were as follows: (1) to assess the pre-experimental baseline aerosol count in the theatre environment where there are dynamic changes in temperature and humidity and (2) to measure aerosol generation with 23-gauge and 25-gauge set-up. For each porcine eye, five measurements were taken for each consecutive step in the experiment including pre-PPV, during PPV, fluid–air exchange (FAX) and venting using a flute with 23-gauge set-up and a chimney with 25-gauge set-up. Therefore, a total of 200 measurements were recorded.ResultsWith 23-gauge and 25-gauge PPV, there was no significant difference in aerosol generation in all six channels comparing pre-PPV versus PPV or pre-PPV versus FAX. Venting using flute with 23-gauge PPV showed significant reduction of aerosol ≤1 μm. Air venting using chimney with 25-gauge set-up showed no significant difference in aerosol of ≤1 μm. For cumulative aerosol counts of all particles measuring ≤5 μm, compared with pre-PPV, PPV or FAX, flute venting in 23-gauge set-up showed significant reduction unlike the same comparison for chimney venting in 25-gauge set-up.ConclusionPPV and its associate steps do not generate aerosols ≤10 μm with 23-gauge and 25-gauge set-ups.

The Influence of Force Direction on the Fracture Pattern and Fracture Resistance of Canine Teeth in Dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Goldschmidt ◽  
Catherine Zimmerman ◽  
Caitlyn Collins ◽  
Scott Hetzel ◽  
Heidi-Lynn Ploeg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Canine Tooth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Force Direction ◽  
Testing Group

Biomechanical studies of the elongated canine tooth of animals are few, and thus our understanding of mechanical and physical properties of animal teeth is limited. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of force direction on fracture resistance and fracture pattern of canine teeth in an ex vivo dog cadaver model. Forty-five extracted canine teeth from laboratory beagle dogs were standardized by hard tissue volume and randomly distributed among 3 force direction groups. The teeth were secured within a universal testing machine and a load was applied at different directions based on testing group. The maximum force to fracture and the fracture pattern classification were recorded for each tooth. After correcting for hard tissue cross-sectional area in a multivariate analysis, no significant difference in the amount of force required for fracture was apparent between the different force direction groups. However, the influence of force direction on fracture pattern was significant. The results of this study may allow the clinician to educate clients on possible causal force directions in clinically fractured teeth and, thus, help prevent any contributing behavior in the future.

scholarly journals Predicting chromosome damage in astronauts participating in international space station missions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Feiveson ◽  
Kerry George ◽  
Mark Shavers ◽  
Maria Moreno-Villanueva ◽  
Ye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
International Space ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Subject Specific

AbstractSpace radiation consists of energetic protons and other heavier ions. During the International Space Station program, chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of astronauts have been analyzed to estimate received biological doses of space radiation. More specifically, pre-flight blood samples were exposed ex vivo to varying doses of gamma rays, while post-flight blood samples were collected shortly and several months after landing. Here, in a study of 43 crew-missions, we investigated whether individual radiosensitivity, as determined by the ex vivo dose–response of the pre-flight chromosome aberration rate (CAR), contributes to the prediction of the post-flight CAR incurred from the radiation exposure during missions. Random-effects Poisson regression was used to estimate subject-specific radiosensitivities from the preflight dose–response data, which were in turn used to predict post-flight CAR and subject-specific relative biological effectiveness (RBEs) between space radiation and gamma radiation. Covariates age, gender were also considered. Results indicate that there is predictive value in background CAR as well as radiosensitivity determined preflight for explaining individual differences in post-flight CAR over and above that which could be explained by BFO dose alone. The in vivo RBE for space radiation was estimated to be approximately 3 relative to the ex vivo dose response to gamma irradiation. In addition, pre-flight radiosensitivity tended to be higher for individuals having a higher background CAR, suggesting that individuals with greater radiosensitivity can be more sensitive to other environmental stressors encountered in daily life. We also noted that both background CAR and radiosensitivity tend to increase with age, although both are highly variable. Finally, we observed no significant difference between the observed CAR shortly after mission and at > 6 months post-mission.

scholarly journals Accuracy of the fluorescence-aided identification technique (FIT) for detecting tooth-colored restorations utilizing different fluorescence-inducing devices: an ex vivo comparative study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Leontiev ◽  
E. Magni ◽  
C. Dettwiler ◽  
C. Meller ◽  
R. Weiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Composite Restorations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Identification Technique ◽  
Illumination Method ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Entire Procedure ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Abstract Objectives The aim of the present study was to compare the accuracy of the conventional illumination method (CONV) and the fluorescence-aided identification technique (FIT) for distinguishing between composite restorations and intact teeth using different fluorescence-inducing devices commonly used for FIT. Materials and methods Six groups of six dentists equipped with one of six different FIT systems each independently attempted to identify composite restorations and intact teeth on a full-mouth model with 22 composite restorations using CONV and, 1 h later, FIT. The entire procedure was repeated 1 week later. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, including 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated for CONV and FIT overall and for each device. The influence of examiner age, method, and device on each parameter was assessed by multivariate analysis of variance. Results The sensitivity (84%, CI 81–86%), specificity (94%, CI 93–96%), PPV (92%, CI 90–94%), and NPV (90%, CI 88–91%) of FIT was significantly higher than that of CONV (47%, CI 44–50%; 82%, CI 79–84%; 66%, CI 62–69%, and 69%, CI 68–71%, respectively; p<0.001). The differences between CONV and FIT were significant for all parameters and FIT systems except VistaCam, which achieved no significant difference in specificity. Examiners younger than 40 years attained significantly higher sensitivity and negative predictive values than older examiners. Conclusions FIT is more reliable for detecting composite restorations than the conventional illumination method. Clinical relevance FIT can be considered an additional or alternative tool for improving the detection of composite restorations.

scholarly journals Design of a force-measuring setup for colorectal compression anastomosis and first ex-vivo results

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Steger ◽  
Isabella Patzke ◽  
Maximilian Berlet ◽  
Stefanie Ficht ◽  
Markus Eblenkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Tissue Fixation ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Device Development ◽  
Compression Anastomosis ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Purpose The introduction of novel endoscopic instruments is essential to reduce trauma in visceral surgery. However, endoscopic device development is hampered by challenges in respecting the dimensional restrictions, due to the narrow access route, and by achieving adequate force transmission. As the overall goal of our research is the development of a patient adaptable, endoscopic anastomosis manipulator, biomechanical and size-related characterization of gastrointestinal organs are needed to determine technical requirements and thresholds to define functional design and load-compatible dimensioning of devices. Methods We built an experimental setup to measure colon tissue compression piercing forces. We tested 54 parameter sets, including variations of three tissue fixation configurations, three piercing body configurations (four, eight, twelve spikes) and insertion trajectories of constant velocities (5 mms−1, 10 mms−1,15 mms−1) and constant accelerations (5 mms−2, 10 mms−2, 15 mms−2) each in 5 samples. Furthermore, anatomical parameters (lumen diameter, tissue thickness) were recorded. Results There was no statistically significant difference in insertion forces neither between the trajectory groups, nor for variation of tissue fixation configurations. However, we observed a statistically significant increase in insertion forces for increasing number of spikes. The maximum mean peak forces for four, eight and twelve spikes were 6.4 ± 1.5 N, 13.6 ± 1.4 N and 21.7 ± 5.8 N, respectively. The 5th percentile of specimen lumen diameters and pierced tissue thickness were 24.1 mm and 2.8 mm, and the 95th percentiles 40.1 mm and 4.8 mm, respectively. Conclusion The setup enabled reliable biomechanical characterization of colon material, on the base of which design specifications for an endoscopic anastomosis device were derived. The axial implant closure unit must enable axial force transmission of at least 28 N (22 ± 6 N). Implant and applicator diameters must cover a range between 24 and 40 mm, and the implant gap, compressing anastomosed tissue, between 2 and 5 mm.

scholarly journals Tissue stress from laparoscopic grasper use and bowel injury in humans: establishing intraoperative force boundaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000084
Author(s):  
Amanda Farah Khan ◽  
Matthew Kenneth MacDonald ◽  
Catherine Streutker ◽  
Corwyn Rowsell ◽  
James Drake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Gastrointestinal Surgery ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Thickness Change ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Laparoscopic Grasper

ObjectivesWe aim to determine what threshold of compressive stress small bowel and colon tissues display evidence of significant tissue trauma during laparoscopic surgery.DesignThis study included 10 small bowel and 10 colon samples from patients undergoing routine gastrointestinal surgery. Each sample was compressed with pressures ranging from 100 kPa to 600 kPa. Two pathologists who were blinded to all study conditions, performed a histological analysis of the tissues. Experimentation: November 2018–February 2019. Analysis: March 2019–May 2020.SettingAn inner-city trauma and ambulatory hospital with a 40-bed inpatient general surgery unit with a diverse patient population.ParticipantsPatients were eligible if their surgery procured healthy tissue margins for experimentation (a convenience sample). 26 patient samples were procured; 6 samples were unusable. 10 colon and 10 small bowel samples were tested for a total of 120 experimental cases. No patients withdrew their consent.InterventionsA novel device was created to induce compressive “grasps” to simulate those of a laparoscopic grasper. Experimentation was performed ex-vivo, in-vitro. Grasp conditions of 0–600 kPa for a duration of 10 s were used.ResultsSmall bowel (10), M:F was 7:3, average age was 54.3 years. Colon (10), M:F was 1:1, average age was 65.2 years. All 20 patients experienced a significant difference (p<0.05) in serosal thickness post-compression at both 500 and 600 kPa for both tissue types. A logistic regression analysis with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 84.6% on a test set of data predicts a safety threshold of 329–330 kPa.ConclusionsA threshold was discovered that corresponded to both significant serosal thickness change and a positive histological trauma score rating. This “force limit” could be used in novel sensorized laparoscopic tools to avoid intraoperative tissue injury.

scholarly journals A Tumbling Magnetic Microrobot System for Biomedical Applications

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 861
Author(s):  
Elizabeth E. Niedert ◽  
Chenghao Bi ◽  
Georges Adam ◽  
Elly Lambert ◽  
Luis Solorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Circular Path ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Significant Difference

A microrobot system comprising an untethered tumbling magnetic microrobot, a two-degree-of-freedom rotating permanent magnet, and an ultrasound imaging system has been developed for in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications. The microrobot tumbles end-over-end in a net forward motion due to applied magnetic torque from the rotating magnet. By turning the rotational axis of the magnet, two-dimensional directional control is possible and the microrobot was steered along various trajectories, including a circular path and P-shaped path. The microrobot is capable of moving over the unstructured terrain within a murine colon in in vitro, in situ, and in vivo conditions, as well as a porcine colon in ex vivo conditions. High-frequency ultrasound imaging allows for real-time determination of the microrobot’s position while it is optically occluded by animal tissue. When coated with a fluorescein payload, the microrobot was shown to release the majority of the payload over a 1-h time period in phosphate-buffered saline. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the microrobot’s constituent materials, SU-8 and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), did not show a statistically significant difference in toxicity to murine fibroblasts from the negative control, even when the materials were doped with magnetic neodymium microparticles. The microrobot system’s capabilities make it promising for targeted drug delivery and other in vivo biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Endoscopic Ex Vivo Evaluation of Bile Concentrations by Narrow Band Imaging: A Pilot Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Roberta Maselli ◽  
Haruhiro Inoue ◽  
Haruo Ikeda ◽  
Manabu Onimaru ◽  
Akira Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
White Light ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Narrow Band Imaging ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Bile Concentration ◽  
Duodenogastroesophageal Reflux

Background. Bile juice plays a major role in duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGERD). Several devices to directly measure the bile concentration have been proposed. We aimed to ex-vivo evaluate the bile concentration by narrow band imaging (NBI).Method. From six surgical cholecystectomies, the content of the gallbladders was aspirated and the total biliary acid (TBA) concentration was evaluated. 2 mL was employed for serial twofold dilutions. Each dilution was scoped. Images on white light (WL) and NBI were captured and grouped accordingly to NBI-appearance and TBA-concentration.Results. Nondiluted bile had a TBA-concentration of 61965 ± 32989 μmol/L. Final dilution (1 : 4096) had 1.16 μmol/L. NBI and correspondent WL images were grouped into seven groups, and an NBI/Bile scale was created.Conclusion. The scale showed that not only NBI scale but also white light scale could be useful to predict the bile concentration. This initial study shows that NBI has a potential role in the detection of DGERD and further investigation is warranted to distinguish the presence and the concentration of bile, especially at very low TBA concentrations.

In vitro biomechanical comparison of load to failure testing of a canine unconstrained medial compartment elbow arthroplasty system and normal canine thoracic limbs

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 356-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Wendelburg ◽  
S. Tepic ◽  
S. M. Stover ◽  
T. Garcia-Nolen ◽  
P. B. Stearns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Load ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Medial Compartment ◽  
Elbow Arthroplasty ◽  
Total Arthroplasty ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Load To Failure ◽  
And Control

SummaryElbow dysplasia, primarily affecting the medial compartment, is the most common cause of lameness in the thoracic limb. Elbow arthroplasty is an option for end stage or severely affected patients. The purpose of this study was to compare ex vivo axial load to failure of an implanted novel elbow arthroplasty system to control limbs. The partial arthroplasty is a medial compartmental, unconstrained system, intended to allow conversion to total arthroplasty. We hypothesized that there would not be any significant difference between implanted and controlled limbs when loaded to failure. Six pairs of medium mixed breed canine cadaveric thoracic limbs were prepared for comparison of failure loading of control and implanted limbs. Axial compression was performed using a mechanical testing system. Failure loads were normalized to bodyweight. The mean normalized failure load (N/kg) for the implanted limbs and control limbs were 2.47 (range: 1.62-3.38) and 2.68 (range: 2.25-3.25), respectively. An implanted to control ratio of 0.93 ± 0.19 was calculated. The difference between paired control and implanted limbs in normalized failure loading was not significant (p = 0.38). There were not any differences noted in the yield load (p = 0.30), stiffness (p = 0.62), or energy (0.58). Failure modes were recorded. We concluded that the differences between implanted and control limbs in supra-physiologic axial load to failure were not significant.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness Differences Between Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Extract 100% and Carbamide Peroxide Gel 10% in Tooth Whitening (ex vivo)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Any Setyawati ◽  
Syifa Nabila Farah Fauziah Nur
Keyword(s):  
Malic Acid ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2

Introduction: Discoloration can be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. One of the discoloration treatments is teeth whitening. Teeth whitening process usually uses chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide which can cause side effects, namely gingival irritation. Previous research has found that malic acid in strawberries can whiten teeth. Watermelons contain greater malic acid than strawberries. Objective: To analyze the  effectiveness of 100% watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) extract on teeth whitening. Methods: The study was a laboratory experimental study with a total of 15 anterior post-extraction teeth which were discolored using black tea, divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was immersed in 100% watermelon extract, group 2 was immersed in 10% carbamide peroxide as positive control and group 3 was immersed in sterile aquades as negative control, for 56 hours, measured using a shade guide and spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one way Anova. Results: The 100% watermelon extract was effective for teeth whitening. There was a significant difference between 100% watermelon extract compared to negative control (p < 0.05). However, there was also a significant difference between 100% watermelon extract, and 10% carbamide peroxide gel (p = 0.003). Conclusion: The watermelon extract has the ability as teeth whitening agent. However, further study is still needed to explore this result and determine the proper concentration for teeth whitening.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document