scholarly journals Potential Role of the Galectin-9/TIM-3 Axis in the Disparate Progression of SARS-CoV-2 in a Married Couple: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Alejandro Martín-Quirós ◽  
Charbel Maroun-Eid ◽  
José Avendaño-Ortiz ◽  
Roberto Lozano-Rodríguez ◽  
Jaime Valentín Quiroga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Distribution In Blood ◽  
Immune Phenotypes

We report the disparate clinical progression of a couple infected by SARS-CoV-2 based on their immune checkpoint (IC) levels and immune cell distribution in blood from admission to exitus in patient 1 and from admission to discharge and recovery in patient 2. A detailed clinical follow-up accompanied by a longitudinal analysis of immune phenotypes and IC levels is shown. The continuous increase in the soluble IC ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) and the increment in T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing 3 (TIM-3) protein in T cells in patient 1 suggests an activation of the Gal-9/TIM-3 axis and, subsequently, a potential cell exhaustion in this patient that did not occur in patient 2. Our data indicate that the Gal-9/TIM-3 axis could be a potential target in this clinical setting, along with a patent effector memory T-cell reduction.

Potential role of effector memory T cells in chronic T cell-mediated kidney graft rejection

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2131-2142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Curci ◽  
Fabio Sallustio ◽  
Grazia Serino ◽  
Giuseppe De Palma ◽  
Mirko Trpevski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Graft Rejection ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Kidney Graft ◽  
Effector Memory T Cells

scholarly journals A Narrative Review of Early Oral Stepdown Therapy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Yay or Nay?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dagher ◽  
Vance G Fowler ◽  
Patty W Wright ◽  
Milner B Staub
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Hospital Readmission ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia ◽  
Complete Treatment

Abstract Historically, intravenous (IV) antibiotics have been the cornerstone of treatment for uncomplicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). However, IV antibiotics are expensive, increase the rates of hospital readmission, and can be associated with catheter-related complications. As a result, the potential role of oral antibiotics in the treatment of uncomplicated SAB has become a subject of interest. This narrative review article aims to summarize key arguments for and against the use of oral antibiotics to complete treatment of uncomplicated SAB and evaluates the available evidence for specific oral regimens. We conclude that evidence suggests that oral step-down therapy can be an alternative for select patients who meet the criteria for uncomplicated SAB and will comply with medical treatment and outpatient follow-up. Of the currently studied regimens discussed in this article, linezolid has the most support, followed by fluoroquinolone plus rifampin.

Potential role of host effector memory CD8+ T cells in marrow rejection after mixed chimerism induction in cynomolgus monkeys

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Setoguchi ◽  
Hidehiro Kishimoto ◽  
Sakiko Kobayashi ◽  
Hiroaki Shimmura ◽  
Hideki Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Mixed Chimerism ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Memory Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed M. Almutairi ◽  
Farzane Sivandzade ◽  
Thamer H. Albekairi ◽  
Faleh Alqahtani ◽  
Luca Cucullo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cytokine Levels

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include dry cough, difficult breathing, fever, fatigue, and may lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. There are significant gaps in the current understanding of whether SARS-CoV-2 attacks the CNS directly or through activation of the peripheral immune system and immune cell infiltration. Although the modality of neurological impairments associated with COVID-19 has not been thoroughly investigated, the latest studies have observed that SARS-CoV-2 induces neuroinflammation and may have severe long-term consequences. Here we review the literature on possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced-neuroinflammation. Activation of the innate immune system is associated with increased cytokine levels, chemokines, and free radicals in the SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenic response at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB disruption allows immune/inflammatory cell infiltration into the CNS activating immune resident cells (such as microglia and astrocytes). This review highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in COVID-19-induced neuroinflammation, which may lead to neuronal death. A better understanding of these mechanisms will help gain substantial knowledge about the potential role of SARS-CoV-2 in neurological changes and plan possible therapeutic intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Critical role of the CD44lowCD62Llow CD8+ T cell subset in restoring antitumor immunity in aged mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2103730118
Author(s):  
Yuka Nakajima ◽  
Kenji Chamoto ◽  
Takuma Oura ◽  
Tasuku Honjo
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
T Cell Subset ◽  
Aged Mice ◽  
Age Related

CD8+ T cells play a central role in antitumor immune responses that kill cancer cells directly. In aged individuals, CD8+ T cell immunity is strongly suppressed, which is associated with cancer and other age-related diseases. The mechanism underlying this age-related decrease in immune function remains largely unknown. This study investigated the role of T cell function in age-related unresponsiveness to PD-1 blockade cancer therapy. We found inefficient generation of CD44lowCD62Llow CD8+ T cell subset (P4) in draining lymph nodes of tumor-bearing aged mice. In vitro stimulation of naive CD8+ T cells first generated P4 cells, followed by effector/memory T cells. The P4 cells contained a unique set of genes related to enzymes involved in one-carbon (1C) metabolism, which is critical to antigen-specific T cell activation and mitochondrial function. Consistent with this finding, 1C-metabolism–related gene expression and mitochondrial respiration were down-regulated in aged CD8+ T cells compared with young CD8+ T cells. In aged OVA-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, ZAP-70 was not activated, even after inoculation with OVA-expressing tumor cells. The attenuation of TCR signaling appeared to be due to elevated expression of CD45RB phosphatase in aged CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, strong stimulation by nonself cell injection into aged PD-1–deficient mice restored normal levels of CD45RB and ameliorated the emergence of P4 cells and 1C metabolic enzyme expression in CD8+ T cells, and antitumor activity. These findings indicate that impaired induction of the P4 subset may be responsible for the age-related resistance to PD-1 blockade, which can be rescued by strong TCR stimulation.

scholarly journals Prolonged activation of nasal immune cell populations and development of tissue-resident SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8 T cell responses following COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna H.E. Roukens ◽  
Marion König ◽  
Tim Dalebout ◽  
Tamar Tak ◽  
Shohreh Azimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Activated T Cells

AbstractThe immune system plays a major role in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis, viral clearance and protection against re-infection. Immune cell dynamics during COVID-19 have been extensively documented in peripheral blood, but remain elusive in the respiratory tract. We performed minimally-invasive nasal curettage and mass cytometry to characterize nasal immune cells of COVID-19 patients during and 5-6 weeks after hospitalization. Contrary to observations in blood, no general T cell depletion at the nasal mucosa could be detected. Instead, we observed increased numbers of nasal granulocytes, monocytes, CD11c+ NK cells and exhausted CD4+ T effector memory cells during acute COVID-19 compared to age-matched healthy controls. These pro-inflammatory responses were found associated with viral load, while neutrophils also negatively correlated with oxygen saturation levels. Cell numbers mostly normalized following convalescence, except for persisting CD127+ granulocytes and activated T cells, including CD38+ CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells. Moreover, we identified SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8+ T cells in the nasal mucosa in convalescent patients. Thus, COVID-19 has both transient and long-term effects on the immune system in the upper airway.

Intraperitoneal recombinant alpha-2-interferon alternating with cisplatin as salvage therapy for minimal residual-disease ovarian cancer: a phase II study.

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Nardi ◽  
F Cognetti ◽  
C F Pollera ◽  
M D Giulia ◽  
A Lombardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Carcinoma ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Salvage Therapy ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Phase Ii Study ◽  
Positive Cytology ◽  
Chemical Peritonitis

A phase II study was initiated in March 1987 at the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome to evaluate the efficacy of alternating intraperitoneal (IP) recombinant alpha-2-interferon (r-alpha 2-IFN) and cisplatin (DDP) as salvage therapy for less than or equal to 5 mm residual-disease (RD) ovarian carcinoma. Fourteen assessable patients entered the study. All had received prior chemotherapy (11 with DDP-based regimens); five patients had macroscopic RD (less than or equal to 5 mm), and nine had microscopic RD (histologically positive random biopsies and/or positive cytology and immunocytochemical tests). The response to IP immunochemotherapy was evaluated by laparotomy. Pathologic complete remissions (PCRs) were achieved in seven patients (50%) who have remained free of disease with a median follow-up of 22+ months (range, 11+ to 30+ months). Six patients achieved a stable disease and one presented disease progression. With the exception of chemical peritonitis-induced adhesions, no limiting toxicity was observed. The results obtained in this small, highly selected series demonstrate that a high PCR rate may be obtained with IP immunochemotherapy with DDP and r-alpha 2-IFN as salvage therapy in residual ovarian carcinoma less than or equal to 5 mm after first-line chemotherapy also including intravenous (IV) DDP. Larger comparative studies must be conducted to establish the potential role of IP DDP and r-alpha 2-IFN as compared with either of the single treatments.

scholarly journals Propranolol as an effective therapy for infantile haemangioma of the urinary bladder

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. e226929
Author(s):  
Taha Anwar ◽  
Elizabeth Malm-Buatsi
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Medical Therapy ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Infantile Haemangiomas

Infantile haemangiomas are one of the most common tumours in infancy, but typically present as cutaneous lesions; haemangiomas of the urinary bladder are incredibly rare. Although benign, these can sometimes ulcerate and bleed, causing haematuria in the case of bladder lesions. Propranolol is a well-documented medical therapy for cutaneous lesions, but surgical treatment dominates the literature on bladder haemangiomas. We present the case of a child with infantile haemangiomas of the urinary bladder, as well as internal and cutaneous lesions, treated with propranolol. At 6-week follow-up cystoscopy and MRI, there was a significant improvement in both bladder and internal lesions, respectively. Follow-up with dermatology 9 months after initiation of propranolol demonstrated excellent regression of the cutaneous lesions with a marked decrease in both size and prominence. This case demonstrates the potential role of propranolol in the treatment of bladder haemangiomas in lieu of more invasive surgical techniques.

scholarly journals The adaptive immune role of metallothioneins in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: good or bad

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (2) ◽  
pp. H264-H275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingwen Ge ◽  
Youxi Yu ◽  
Jiuwei Cui ◽  
Lu Cai
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Low Grade

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting in low-grade systemic inflammation. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common complication among diabetic patients, and the mechanism underlying its induction of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction remains unclear. Numerous experimental and clinical studies have suggested that adaptive immunity, especially T lymphocyte-mediated immunity, plays a potentially important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and DCM. Metallothioneins (MTs), cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins, have antioxidant properties. Some potential mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of MTs include the role of MTs in calcium regulation, zinc homeostasis, insulin sensitization, and antioxidant activity. Moreover, metal homeostasis, especially MT-regulated zinc homeostasis, is essential for immune function. This review discusses aberrant immune regulation in diabetic heart disease with respect to endothelial insulin resistance and the effects of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia on tissues and the different effects of intracellular and extracellular MTs on adaptive immunity. This review shows that intracellular MTs are involved in naïve T-cell activation and reduce regulatory T-cell (Treg) polarization, whereas extracellular MTs promote proliferation and survival in naïve T cells and Treg polarization but inhibit their activation, thus revealing potential therapeutic strategies targeting the regulation of immune cell function by MTs.

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