Real-Time Confocal Imaging for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Description of Morphological Aspects and Focus on the Role of Follicular Ostia

Dermatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Simone Cappilli ◽  
Giulia Giovanardi ◽  
Alessandro Di Stefani ◽  
Caterina Longo ◽  
Francesca Perino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Microscopic Morphology ◽  
Perilesional Skin

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin disease involving the follicular unit. Growing evidence suggests a crucial role of hyperkeratosis, infundibular plugging and perifolliculitis in its pathogenesis. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To characterize the microscopic morphology of open comedos using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and define alterations occurring in HS normal-appearing perilesional skin compared to healthy skin of a control group, discussing therefore microscopic differences. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Twenty patients (11 males, 9 females; aged 19–51 years) affected by HS were recruited. RCM was performed on open comedos of axillary/inguinal regions and on normal-appearing skin areas distant at least 1.5 cm from HS lesions. Ten healthy individuals (6 males, 4 females) were included as control group. <b><i>Results:</i></b> RCM aspects of 78 open comedos were explored, observing circular/ovoidal structures disclosing a hyperrefractive amorphous material (72/78, 92.3%) within the infundibular cavity surrounded with a bright (51/78, 65.4%) and regular (52/78, 66.2%) border. Follicular ostia of HS perilesional skin (<i>n</i> = 541) compared to follicular ostia of a control group (<i>n</i> = 321) were characterized by a larger infundibular diameter (183.4 vs. 85.8 µm) and diverged in terms of material collected inside infundibula (44.5 vs. 21%) and keratinization of the border (47.6 vs. 25.5%). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In vivo characterization of open comedos and the recognition of microscopic subclinical alterations of HS normal-appearing skin, compared to healthy skin, could add further insights into the definition of biological events leading to HS manifestations, including the dysregulated process of keratinization.

Acute adenosine preconditioning is mediated by p38 MAPK activation in discrete subcellular compartments

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (3) ◽  
pp. H1359-H1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherry Ballard-Croft ◽  
Gentian Kristo ◽  
Yukihiro Yoshimura ◽  
Easton Reid ◽  
Byron J. Keith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Adenosine Receptor ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mapk Activation ◽  
Subcellular Compartments ◽  
Sb 203580

Although acute adenosine preconditioning (PC) is well established, the signaling pathways mediating this cardioprotection remain unclear. Because adenosine receptor agonists activate p38 MAPK and this kinase has been implicated in ischemic and pharmacological PC, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of p38 MAPK in acute adenosine receptor PC. The role of p38 MAPK activation in discrete subcellular compartments during ischemia-reperfusion was also determined. The following groups were used in an in vivo rat ischemia-reperfusion model: 1) control (10% DMSO iv), 2) the A1/A2a adenosine receptor AMP-579 (50 μg/kg iv), 3) AMP-579 + the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 100 μg/kg iv), 4) AMP-579 + the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-203580 (1 mg/kg iv), and 5) SB-203580 alone. p38 MAPK activation was measured by Western blot analysis in cytosolic, mitochondrial, membrane, and nuclear/myofilament fractions obtained from hearts at preischemic, ischemic, and reperfusion time points. A significant reduction in infarct size was observed with AMP-579 PC, an effect blocked by DPCPX or SB-203580 pretreatment. AMP-579 treatment was associated with a significant increase in p38 MAPK activation in the nuclear/myofilament fraction before ischemia, whereas no activation of this kinase occurred during ischemia or reperfusion. In contrast, p38 MAPK was activated in the mitochondrial fraction by ischemia and in the cytosolic, mitochondrial, and membrane fractions by reperfusion in the control group. SB-203580 blocked the AMP-579-induced increase in phosphorylation of the downstream p38 substrate activating transcription factor-2. These results suggest a role for p38 MAPK activation in discrete subcellular compartments in acute adenosine A1 receptor PC.

scholarly journals The Role of Serotonin in MDMA Self-administration in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sarah Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Lesion Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Abstinence Period

<p>Rationale: The profile of acquisition for MDMA self-administration differs from that of amphetamine and cocaine self-administration in that fewer rats meet an acquisition criterion and the latency to acquisition is longer. These characteristics of MDMA self-administration may be because it preferentially stimulates serotonin (5HT) release whereas self-administration has generally been attributed to enhanced dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. Because 5HTergic agonists are not self-administered and increased synaptic 5HT decreased self-administration of other drugs, MDMA self-administration may be initially inhibited by the pronounced 5HT response. Accordingly, the acquisition of MDMA self-administration might proceed as a result of deficits in 5HT neurotransmission and a corresponding disinhibition of DA neurotransmission.  Objective: The primary objective was to determine the role of 5HT in the acquisition and maintenance of MDMA self-administration.  Methods: MDMA-induced increases of extracellular 5HT and DA and their primary metabolites were measured in the DA terminal regions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) using in vivo microdialysis, prior to the commencement of MDMA self-administration. The relationship between MDMA-induced increases of neurotransmitter levels and the acquisition of MDMA self-administration was assessed. A subsequent study depleted brain 5HT by administering the neurotoxin, 5,7 – DHT, or vehicle into the lateral ventricle of the left hemisphere, prior to the commencement of MDMA self-administration. The proportion of subjects that acquired MDMA self-administration and the latency to acquire MDMA self-administration was compared for the two groups. In order to determine effects of MDMA self-administration on 5HT and DA responses, behaviours that reflect 5HT and/or DA neurotransmission were measured 5 or 14 days after self-administration of 165 mg/kg MDMA, or 14 days after vehicle self-administration. These time periods were chosen because they reflect a period of 5HT deficits (5 days) and recovery (14 days). Finally, the effect of abstinence on MDMA self-administration was measured.  Results: The MDMA-induced increase of extracellular 5HT was significantly lower for the group that subsequently acquired MDMA self-administration but the MDMA-induced increase in DA was not different from the group that failed to acquire self-administration. 5, 7-DHT administration significantly decreased tissue levels of 5HT, but not DA. MDMA self-administration was facilitated by the lesion; 100% of the lesion group acquired MDMA self-administration, whereas only 50% of the control group acquired self-administration. Five days following the last MDMA self-administration session, DAergic behaviours were enhanced and 5HTergic behaviours were reduced relative to the control group. These differences in 5HTergic mediated behaviours were not apparent 14 days after self-administration but the DAergic behaviours remained elevated. The pattern of self-administration did not differ as a function of the length of the abstinence period.  Conclusions: The variability in acquisition of MDMA self-administration was related to the magnitude of the 5HT response evoked by initial exposure to MDMA. These findings suggested that predisposing differences in the 5HT response might explain differences in the variability in acquisition of MDMA self-administration. The negative impact of 5HT on the acquisition of MDMA self-administration was clearly demonstrated following a 5, 7-DHT lesion. Thus, 5HT limits the development of MDMA self-administration. With repeated exposure to self-administered MDMA, behavioural responses indicative of 5HT activation were reduced whereas behavioural indices of DA activation were increased. The maintenance of MDMA self-administration was comparable regardless of whether there was a forced abstinence period or not. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that 5HT is inhibitory to the acquisition, but not the maintenance, of MDMA self-administration. Rather, the maintenance of self-administration might reflect sensitised DA responses that became apparent following repeated exposure.</p>

Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Lung and Liver Protective Activity of Galaxaura oblongata as Antagonistic Efficacy against LPS using Hematological Parameters and Immunohistochemistry as Biomarkers

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Nabil-Adam ◽  
Mohamed A. Shreadah
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
In Vivo Assays ◽  
Induction Group ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
In Vitro Effects

Background: This study aimed to investigate the potential bioactivity and the ameliorative role of Galaxaura oblongata (G. oblongata) against LPS-induced toxicity by using hematological parameters. Objective: It is aimed also to examine its protective effect using the immunohistochemistry of liver and lungs as biomarkers in male BALB/C albino mice. Materials and Methods: the current study carried out using different in-vitro and in-vivo assays such as phytochemical, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory for in-vitro where the hematological and immunohistochemistry for lung and liver were investigated in vivo. Results: There are no previous studies were performed to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of the G. oblongata extracts as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory due to their rareness compared to other red algae. LPS treated mice revealed a significant decrease in total number of WBCs, RBCs, platelets, and HGB%, MPV, MCV and MCHC compared to the control group. On contrast, the HCT and MCHC were increased in the induction group which was treated with LPS compared to the control group. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry results of the present study revealed the protective effect of G. oblongata compared to the induction group. G. oblongata can be used as protective marine natural products against the toxicity induced by LPS. Conclusion: It exhibited a significant ameliorative role against the alterations in the hematological parameters and immunohistochemistry of liver and lungs, and helps to reduce as well as coordinate the acute inflammations caused by TNF.

scholarly journals Platelet storage at 22 degrees C: role of gas transport across plastic containers in maintenance of viability

Blood ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Murphy ◽  
FH Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Platelet Concentrates ◽  
Pasteur Effect ◽  
Platelet Storage ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Microscopic Morphology ◽  
Plastic Containers

Abstract Containers constructed of polyvinylchloride (PVC) are used for the storage of platelet concentrates (PC) for transfusion, At 22 degrees C, pH often falls to such low levels (pH is less that 6.0) that viability is lost. Far lesser degrees of pH fall are observed in bags constructed of polyethylene (PE). In this study, pH, PO2, PCO2, platelet count, lactate concentration, microscopic morphology, and viability after 51- chromium labeling were evaluated during storage at 22 degrees C under a variety of circumstances. The results indicate that (1) pH falls because of the generation of lactic acid by platelet glycolysis and, under some circumstances, the retention of CO2. (2) Rate of pH fall is, therefore, roughly proportional to the platelet count. (3) PE is more permeable to gases, thereby allowing CO2 escape from and easier O2 entry into the stored PC; the higher O2 tensions suppress glycolysis by the Pasteur effect. (4) Adequate agitation and container size are critical if the beneficial effect of PE is to be obtained. (5) In general, platelets stored in PE containers have excellent viability in vivo although CO2 escape can result in elevations in pH which are deleterious. (6) Storage in a 10% CO2 atmosphere prevents these deletrrious pH elevations without otherwise impairing platelet viability; (7) Results similar to those achieved with PE can be achieved with PVC if this material is made thinner to allow easier penetration of gases.

scholarly journals THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF OMEGA-3 AGAINST GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF COBALT OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ACUTE TREATMENT IN MALE MICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Nahed A Hussien ◽  
Hanan R. H. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Cobalt Oxide ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Genotoxic Potential ◽  
Polychromatic Erythrocytes

Objective: Cobalt nanoparticles (NPs), especially cobalt oxide NPs (Co3O4 NPs) are attracting unique shaped NPs that are used in different biomedical applications and medicine. Different in vitro studies report their toxic and carcinogenic effect but limited in vivo studies were present on its genotoxic potential. The present study was aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of Co3O4 NPs on bone marrow cells and sperms and the protective role of omega-3 in male albino mice.Methods: Animals were segregated into four groups that were orally treated for 3 consecutive days, Group 1: Negative control; Group 2: Omega-3 (250 mg/kg); Group 3: Co3O4 NPs (20 mg/kg); and Group 4: Combined group (250 mg/kg Omega-3 and Co3O4 NPs 20 mg/kg).Results: The present results show that Co3O4 NPs administration significantly increased number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs)/1000 PCEs, sperm abnormalities, and DNA damage, significantly decreased sperm motility and concentration in comparison to negative control group. However, Omega-3 administration in the combined group modulates the genotoxic potential of Co3O4 NPs in comparison to Co3O4 NPs group.Conclusion: The present study reports the genotoxic potential of Co3O4 NPs in vivo and assesses the protective role of Omega-3 administration due to its antioxidant effect.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Infection Induced Oxidative Imbalance in Neutrophils: Possible Protective Role of Nanoconjugated Vancomycin

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhankari Prasad Chakraborty ◽  
Panchanan Pramanik ◽  
Somenath Roy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Similar Dose ◽  
Cellular Components

Staphylococcus aureus infection causes oxidative stress in neutrophils. The immune cells use reactive oxygen species (ROS) for carrying out their normal functions while an excess amount of ROS can attack cellular components that lead to cell damage. The present study was aimed to test the protective role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against vancomycin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection induced oxidative stress in neutrophils. VSSA- and VRSA-infection were developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection of 5×106 CFU/mL bacterial solutions. Nanoconjugated vancomycin was treated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at its effective dose for 10 days. Vancomycin was treated to VSSA and VRSA infected mice at similar dose, respectively, for 10 days. The result reveals that in vivo VSSA and VRSA infection significantly increases the level of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, oxidized glutathione level, and nitrite generation and decreases the level of reduced glutathione, antioxidant enzyme status, and glutathione-dependent enzymes as compared to control group; which were increased or decreased significantly near to normal in nanoconjugated vancomycin-treated group. These finding suggests the potential use and beneficial protective role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VSSA and VRSA infection induced oxidative imbalance in neutrophils.

scholarly journals Videocapillaroscopic Alterations in Alopecia Areata

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Gerkowicz ◽  
Dorota Krasowska ◽  
Aldona Pietrzak ◽  
Anna Michalak-Stoma ◽  
Joanna Bartosińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alopecia Areata ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Skin Microcirculation ◽  
Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Efferent Limb ◽  
Unknown Disturbances

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common hair disorder observed in dermatological practice; however, the exact mechanisms that lead to the hair loss are still unknown. Disturbances in the blood supply of hair follicles may be one of the elements in the complex pathogenesis of AA. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is a noninvasive technique that allows analysis of skin microcirculation in vivo. The aim of the study was the videocapillaroscopic assessment of skin microcirculation in AA patients. The study included 44 patients with patchy alopecia areata, 27 with alopecia universalis or totalis, and 40 healthy volunteers. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy was performed in all participants according to a standard protocol. Obtained images were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Two types of videocapillaroscopic images were distinguished in the study. Abnormal videocapillaroscopic images were found in 42% of patients. Tortuous and branching capillaries (, ), decreased density of capillaries (), enlargement of the efferent limb (), or top part of the loop () were observed significantly more often than in the control group. Only some patients with AA presented with microvascular abnormalities characterised by altered videocapillaroscopic images. More studies, including larger group of patients with AA, are required to determine the role of observed videocapillaroscopic alterations in AA.

scholarly journals The Inhibitory Effect of WenxinKeli on H9C2 Cardiomyocytes Hypertrophy Induced by Angiotensin II through Regulating Autophagy Activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Dan Hu ◽  
Yonghong Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
H9c2 Cardiomyocytes ◽  
Cardiomyocyte Autophagy

Objectives. We investigated the role of cardiomyocyte autophagy and its regulatory mechanisms by WenxinKeli (WXKL) in cells subjected to hypertrophy. Methods. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were divided into 8 groups. Cytoskeletal proteins as well as endogenously expressed autophagy marker proteins were studied by confocal imaging. Western blotting was used to assess the levels of light chain-3 (LC3) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). The cell viability assay was used to detect the content of ATP. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Results. (1) Compared with the control group, the length and width of cells in the Angiotensin II (AngII) group were significantly increased, while those in the 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and the WXKL groups were decreased. (2) Compared with AngII group, the expression of LC3 II/I protein in the 3-MA and WXKL groups was downregulated, while the expression of mTOR protein was upregulated. (3) Compared with the AngII group, the cardiomyocytes in the WXKL group showed increased ATP and decreased apoptosis rate and number of autophagosome. Conclusions. We propose a novel role of WXKL as a likely inhibitor of cardiac hypertrophy by regulation of pathological autophagy.

scholarly journals Desensitization of Capsaicin-Sensitive Afferents Accelerates Early Tumor Growth via Increased Vascular Leakage in a Murine Model of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémi Bencze ◽  
Csaba Schvarcz ◽  
Gábor Kriszta ◽  
Lea Danics ◽  
Éva Szőke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Vascular Leakage ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protease Enzyme

There is growing interest in the role of nerve-driven mechanisms in tumorigenesis and tumor growth. Capsaicin-sensitive afferents have been previously shown to possess antitumoral and immune-regulatory properties, the mechanism of which is currently poorly understood. In this study, we have assessed the role of these terminals in the triple negative 4T1 orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer. The ultrapotent capsaicin-analogue resiniferatoxin (RTX) was used for the selective, systemic desensitization of capsaicin-sensitive afferents. Growth and viability of orthotopically implanted 4T1 tumors were measured by caliper, in vivo MRI, and bioluminescence imaging, while tumor vascularity and protease enzyme activity were assessed using fluorescent in vivo imaging. The levels of the neuropeptides Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), Substance P (SP), and somatostatin were measured from tumor tissue homogenates using radioimmunoassay, while tumor structure and peritumoral inflammation were evaluated by conventional use of CD31, CD45 and CD3 immunohistology. RTX-pretreated mice demonstrated facilitated tumor growth in the early phase measured using a caliper, which was coupled with increased tumor vascular leakage demonstrated using fluorescent vascular imaging. The tumor size difference dissipated by day seven. The MRI tumor volume was similar, while the intratumoral protease enzyme activity measured by fluorescence imaging was also comparable in RTX-pretreated and non-pretreated animals. Tumor viability or immunohistopathological profile was measured using CD3, CD31, and CD45 stains and did not differ significantly from the non-pretreated control group. Intratumoral somatostatin, CGRP, and SP levels were similar in both groups. Our results underscore the beneficial, antitumoral properties of capsaicin sensitive nerve terminals in this aggressive model of breast cancer, which is presumed to be due to the inhibition of tumor vascular bed disruption. The absence of any difference in intratumoral neuropeptide levels indicates non-neural sources playing a substantial part in their expression.

scholarly journals Effect ofLactobacillus reuterion intestinal microflora and immune parameters: involvement of sex differences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayi He ◽  
Lingyi Wu ◽  
Zhen Wu ◽  
Daodong Pan ◽  
Yuxing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immune Parameters

AbstractProbiotic candidateL. reuteriwas screened out forin vivoexperiments based on a relatively higher gastrointestinal tolerance and moderate adhesiveness. As results shown inin-vivoexperiments, a significantly higher level of IL-12 at low-dose group was found both in females and males. Higher levels of T-lymphocytes were also observed in females compared to control group, however, males displayed a reduction expcept for CD8-positive cells in ileum. In comparison to the control group, the relative abundance of phylotypes in the phylumBacteroidetes(genus ofBacteroides,Prevotella) andFirmicutes(genus ofClostridiumIV) exihibited a reserve shift between sexes afterL. reuteriintervened. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of several taxa (Acetobacteroides,Lactobcaillus,bacillus) also differed markedly in sexes at low-dose group, together with microbiota diversity, as indicated by Shannon index.ImportanceSexual dimorphism has triggered researchers’ attention. However, the relationship between immune parameters and gut microbiota caused byLactobacillusat different dosage are not fully elucidated. In present research, the possible probiotic role ofL. reuteriDMSZ 8533 on immunomodulation and effect on fecal microbiota composition were investigated. Our findings demonstrate the importance of L. reuteri DMSZ 8533 as a potential probiotic strain with an immunomodulatory effect, which also alters the microflora composition depending on the sex of the host.

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