Early Crypt Formation Defects in the Uterine Epithelia of Sox17 Heterozygous Mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yoshikazu Hirate ◽  
Kana Hayakawa ◽  
Yuki Nakano ◽  
Shiori Kumazawa ◽  
Kento Miura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Uterine Epithelium ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
High Level

SOX17 activity in the uterine epithelium is essential for the implantation of mouse embryos. Previously, we demonstrated that female Sox17 heterozygous mutant mice are subfertile, and 2 active copies of Sox17 are required for the proper implantation of mouse embryos. To understand which implantation step is most sensitive to the Sox17 gene dosage, we comprehensively investigated the phenotypes and RNA transcriptomes of Sox17 heterozygous mutant mice. Uterine Sox17 expression drastically changed according to estrous cycle and during early pregnancy. The highest Sox17 expression was observed during the receptive period for blastocyst implantation. Sox17 heterozygous uterine epithelia showed ectopic high-level expression of SOX9, another SOX factor that is normally expressed in the uterine gland. Three-dimensional analysis of the uterus on day 5 of pregnancy revealed no crypt formation near the healthy blastocysts in the Sox17 heterozygous uterine epithelium, suggesting that early defects in embryo homing had occurred. Global transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression of Amphiregulin (Areg), a gene encoding a heparin-binding epidermal growth factor receptor ligand, was decreased drastically in Sox17+/− uterine epithelia. These data imply that full Sox17 activity is required to promote early crypt formation through proper regulation of SOX9 and AREG expression at the implantation site.

Guided surgery with 3D printed device: a case report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Carvalho de Sales ◽  
Rafael Maluza Flores ◽  
Julianny da Silva Guimaraes ◽  
Gustavo Vargas da Silva Salomao ◽  
Tamara Kerber Tedesco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Time ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Virtual Planning ◽  
Surgical Guide ◽  
Surgical Guides ◽  
High Level

Dental surgeons need in-depth knowledge of the bone tissue status and gingival morphology of atrophic maxillae. The aim of this study is to describe preoperative virtual planning of placement of five implants and to compare the plan with the actual surgical results. Three-dimensional planning of rehabilitation using software programs enables surgical guides to be specially designed for the implant site and manufactured using 3D printing. A patient with five teeth missing was selected for this study. The patient’s maxillary region was scanned with CBCT and a cast model was produced. After virtual planning using ImplantViewer, five implants were placed using a printed surgical guide. Two weeks after the surgical procedure, the patient underwent another CBCT scan of the maxilla. Statistically significant differences were detected between the virtually planned positions and the actual positions of the implants, with a mean deviation of 0.36 mm in the cervical region and 0.7 mm in the apical region. The surgical technique used enables more accurate procedures when compared to the conventional technique. Implants can be better positioned, with a high level of predictability, reducing both operating time and patient discomfort.

Urban network of China from the perspective of population mobility: Three-dimensional co-occurrence of nodes and links

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2199781
Author(s):  
Xinyue Luo ◽  
Mingxing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
External Connections

The nodes and links in urban networks are usually presented in a two-dimensional(2D) view. The co-occurrence of nodes and links can also be realized from a three-dimensional(3D) perspective to make the characteristics of urban network more intuitively revealed. Our result shows that the external connections of high-level cities are mainly affected by the level of cities(nodes) and less affected by geographical distance, while medium-level cities are affected by the interaction of the level of cities(nodes) and geographical distance. The external connections of low-level cities are greatly restricted by geographical distance.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Pax62Neu Through Pax610Neu: An Extension of the Pax6 Allelic Series and the Identification of Two Possible Hypomorph Alleles in the Mouse Mus musculus

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 1689-1700
Author(s):  
Jack Favor ◽  
Heiko Peters ◽  
Thomas Hermann ◽  
Wolfgang Schmahl ◽  
Bimal Chatterjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Amino Acid Substitution ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Major Interest

Abstract Phenotype-based mutagenesis experiments will increase the mouse mutant resource, generating mutations at previously unmarked loci as well as extending the allelic series at known loci. Mapping, molecular characterization, and phenotypic analysis of nine independent Pax6 mutations of the mouse recovered in mutagenesis experiments is presented. Seven mutations result in premature termination of translation and all express phenotypes characteristic of null alleles, suggesting that Pax6 function requires all domains to be intact. Of major interest is the identification of two possible hypomorph mutations: Heterozygotes express less severe phenotypes and homozygotes develop rudimentary eyes and nasal processes and survive up to 36 hr after birth. Pax64Neu results in an amino acid substitution within the third helix of the homeodomain. Three-dimensional modeling indicates that the amino acid substitution interrupts the homeodomain recognition α-helix, which is critical for DNA binding. Whereas cooperative dimer binding of the mutant homeodomain to a paired-class DNA target sequence was eliminated, weak monomer binding was observed. Thus, a residual function of the mutated homeodomain may explain the hypomorphic nature of the Pax64Neu allele. Pax67Neu is a base pair substitution in the Kozak sequence and results in a reduced level of Pax6 translation product. The Pax64Neu and Pax67Neu alleles may be very useful for gene-dosage studies.

An activity gradient of decapentaplegic is necessary for the specification of dorsal pattern elements in the Drosophila embryo

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 807-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Wharton ◽  
R.P. Ray ◽  
W.M. Gelbart
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Drosophila Embryo ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Intercellular Signalling ◽  
Overlapping Domains ◽  
Dorsal Pattern

decapentaplegic (dpp) is a zygotically expressed gene encoding a TGF-beta-related ligand that is necessary for dorsal-ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo. We show here that dpp is an integral part of a gradient that specifies many different cell fates via intercellular signalling. There is a graded requirement for dpp activity in the early embryo: high levels of dpp activity specify the amnioserosa, while progressively lower levels specify dorsal and lateral ectoderm. This potential for dpp to specify cell fate is highly dosage sensitive. In the wild-type embryo, increasing the gene dosage of dpp can shift cell fates along the dorsal-ventral axis. Furthermore, in mutant embryos, in which only a subset of the dorsal-ventral pattern elements are represented, increasing the gene dosage of dpp can specifically transform those pattern elements into more dorsal ones. We present evidence that the zygotic dpp gradient and the maternal dorsal gradient specify distinct, non-overlapping domains of the dorsal-ventral pattern.

3D-to-2D Mapping of Cutter Paths in NC Programming of Complex Engineering Parts

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hwa Chang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Milling Machine ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Nc Programming ◽  
Cutter Path ◽  
Nc Milling ◽  
Complex Engineering ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mapping Concept

Abstract The concept of mapping a three dimensional (3D) contouring cutter path with major motion in a plane parallel to the Z axis onto the X-Y plane or one perpendicular to the Z axis is introduced. A systematic method is developed that can be used to program, in APT or other high-level languages, complex contouring cutter motion based on the concept introduced. As a result, NC programming of contouring motion for many complex engineering parts on a 3-axis numerically controlled (NC) milling machine, which is often considered difficult, can be greatly simplified. Part examples are discussed; and the APT programs defining the cutter path based on the 3D-to-2D mapping concept, are also analyzed in detail. The concept and method introduced proved to be a powerful tool for programming the NC machining process for many parts, particularly dies and molds.

Immersion, interactivity and three-dimensionality: virtual reality documentation of media art installations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Media Art ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Art Installation ◽  
High Level

This research paper explores the possibilities for virtual reality (VR) documentation of media art installations. Based on an analysis of the characteristics of media art, and a survey of current documentation strategies, this paper investigates the viability of three-dimensional documentation. Four cross-disciplinary case studies are presented and analysed to demonstrate that VR documentation provides an immersive and richer reconstruction of a media art installation in three dimensions. In addition, the interactive components can be simulated within the VR environment, offering the possibility for curators and visitors to virtually re-experience the artwork. The case studies show that, although the creation of VR documentation can be costly and time-consuming, and currently requires a high-level of expertise, it can be a useful addition to established documentation strategies by providing essential information about the visual aspects of the artwork, its environment and the user’s multi-sensory experience.

Nodal induces ectopic goosecoid and lim1 expression and axis duplication in zebrafish

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Toyama ◽  
M.L. O'Connell ◽  
C.V. Wright ◽  
M.R. Kuehn ◽  
I.B. Dawid
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Dorsal Axis ◽  
Vertebrate Embryo ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Intercellular Signalling

One of the first intercellular signalling events in the vertebrate embryo leads to mesoderm formation and axis determination. In the mouse, a gene encoding a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, nodal, is disrupted in a mutant deficient in mesoderm formation (Zhou et al., 1993, Nature 361, 543). nodal mRNA is found in prestreak mouse embryos, consistent with a role in the development of the dorsal axis. To examine the biological activities of nodal, we have studied the action of this factor in eliciting axis determination in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Injection of nodal mRNA into zebrafish embryos caused the formation of ectopic axes that included notochord and somites. Axis duplication was preceded by the generation of an apparent ectopic shield (organizer equivalent) in nodal-injected embryos, as indicated by the appearance of a region over-expressing gsc and lim1; isolation and expression in the shield of the lim1 gene is reported here. These results suggest a role for a nodal-like factor in pattern formation in zebrafish.

scholarly journals First multispacecraft ion measurements in and near the Earth’s magnetosphere with the identical Cluster ion spectrometry (CIS) experiment

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (10/12) ◽  
pp. 1303-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rème ◽  
C. Aoustin ◽  
J. M. Bosqued ◽  
I. Dandouras ◽  
B. Lavraud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Charge Composition ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Central Plasma ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
High Level

Abstract. On board the four Cluster spacecraft, the Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS) experiment measures the full, three-dimensional ion distribution of the major magnetospheric ions (H+, He+, He++, and O+) from the thermal energies to about 40 keV/e. The experiment consists of two different instruments: a COmposition and DIstribution Function analyser (CIS1/CODIF), giving the mass per charge composition with medium (22.5°) angular resolution, and a Hot Ion Analyser (CIS2/HIA), which does not offer mass resolution but has a better angular resolution (5.6°) that is adequate for ion beam and solar wind measurements. Each analyser has two different sensitivities in order to increase the dynamic range. First tests of the instruments (commissioning activities) were achieved from early September 2000 to mid January 2001, and the operation phase began on 1 February 2001. In this paper, first results of the CIS instruments are presented showing the high level performances and capabilities of the instruments. Good examples of data were obtained in the central plasma sheet, magnetopause crossings, magnetosheath, solar wind and cusp measurements. Observations in the auroral regions could also be obtained with the Cluster spacecraft at radial distances of 4–6 Earth radii. These results show the tremendous interest of multispacecraft measurements with identical instruments and open a new area in magnetospheric and solar wind-magnetosphere interaction physics.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; magnetopheric configuration and dynamics; solar wind - magnetosphere interactions)

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