Glyceryl Tristearate-Based Lipid Microparticles Loaded with the Tattoo Colorant, Acid Red 87: Colorant Retention Capacity in Excised Porcine Skin

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Santo Scalia ◽  
Serena Bertoni ◽  
Annachiara Dozzo ◽  
Alessandro Rimessi ◽  
Paolo Pinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Porcine Skin ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Intradermal Administration ◽  
Photodegradation Products ◽  
Lipid Microparticles ◽  
Tattoo Inks

<b><i>Background:</i></b> With the increasing diffusion of tattooing, the photolability of tattoo inks has become a critical issue, as available data indicated that several tattoo colorants are unstable under sunlight, generating potentially toxic photodegradation products. Therefore, it is desirable to enhance the photostability of coloring agents contained in tattoo inks. <b><i>Aims:</i></b> Lipid microparticles (LMs) highly loaded with Acid Red 87 (C.I. 45380), a colorant used in tattoo inks, were evaluated for their effect on the colorant photoinstability. In addition, the capacity of the LMs to retain the incorporated C.I. 45380 colorant after their intradermal administration in excised porcine skin was investigated. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> LMs loaded with C.I. 45380 were prepared using glyceryl tristearate as the lipidic material and phosphatidylcholine as the surfactant. Non-encapsulated C.I. 45380 or the colorant-loaded LMs were irradiated with a solar simulator for photodecomposition studies or introduced in the excised porcine skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells for stability evaluation in the dermal tissue. <b><i>Results and Conclusion:</i></b> The colorant content of the microparticles was 17.7%, and their size ranged from 25 to 170 μm. The light-induced degradation of C.I. 45380 was significantly decreased by its incorporation in the LMs from 20.2 ± 5.8% to 1.9 ± 2.1%. Moreover, after intradermal injection of free or microencapsulated C.I. 45380 in the excised pig skin, the LMs reduced by 93.7% (from 24.6 to 1.5%) the quantity of the colorant diffused and hence lost in the Franz cell receptor fluid. Hence, the LM carrier efficiently retained the entrapped C.I. 45380 following incubation in the dermal region of the isolated porcine skin, which is in favor of a long-lasting tattoo. Based on these data, the incorporation of C.I. 45380 in the LMs could represent a potentially useful strategy to reduce the photodecomposition of the tattoo colorant and its harmful interactions with the skin tissue.

Extended Injection Intervals of Gonadotropins by Intradermal Administration in IVF Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Chin Hsu ◽  
Rosie Hsu ◽  
Hui Hua Chang ◽  
Isabel Hsu ◽  
Sonam Dorjee
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Cycle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Intradermal Administration ◽  
First Time ◽  
Recombinant Human Fsh ◽  
Additional Dosage

Abstract Context Gonadotropins can be administered every five days under intradermal injection in in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Objective To explore the effectiveness of intradermal injection of recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) for women undergoing IVF. Materials and Methods Women who received their first time IVF enrolled in this prospective intervention in 2018. All women received a bolus of 900 IU rhFSH intradermally at day 2 of the treatment cycle followed by additional dosage of rhFSH at day 7 and/or day 10. The main outcome measures included the total dose of rhFSH and number of injections required, sequential serum FSH level detected, and number of mature oocytes retrieved. Results Seventy women completed the study. On average, 2.31±0.73 injections and 1662±397 IU of rhFSH were administered. While the baseline FSH level was 5.6±2.2 IU/L, the serum concentrations of FSH after rhFSH administration were 35.3±7.0 on the first day (24 hours) and 10.7±3.7 IU/L on the fifth day (120 hours). A total of 10.5±6.6 mature oocytes were retrieved, resulting in 7.3±5.1 pronuclear embryos; and 1.8±0.6 embryos were transferred to the uterus. Our findings resulted in 72% fertilization, 91% cleavage, 31% implantation, and 36% live birth rates. Although less larger follicles were found, non-inferiority results were noted in the mature oocytes retrieved, good embryos available and clinical pregnancy rate compared to those received conventional daily subcutaneous rhFSH administration. Conclusion Intradermal administration of rhFSH, with less dose of rhFSH and numbers of injection, may achieve the goal of a cost-effective and more patient-friendly regimen.

scholarly journals Amentoflavone ameliorates cold stress-induced inflammation in lung by suppression of C3/BCR/NF-κB pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayi Cai ◽  
Chunyang Zhao ◽  
Yajie Du ◽  
Yuan Huang ◽  
Qingchun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
The Complement System

Abstract Background Cold stress, which may lead to local and systemic injury, is reported to be related to the immune system, especially the complement system. At present, the lack of effective treatment is a critical issue. Amentoflavone (AF), which can inhibit cold stress-induced inflammation in lung by multiple mechanisms, is the main therapeutic ingredient in plants of the genus Selaginella. Results In the current study, we found that cold could induce lung inflammation related to the complement system and its downstream pathways. AF treatment significantly inhibited lung inflammation from cold exposure. We presented evidence that AF can bind to complement component 3 (C3) to regulate inflammation-related pathways involving Lck/Yes novel tyrosine kinase (Lyn), protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and immune factors. Moreover, 30 mg/kg of AF caused significantly greater improvement than 15 mg/kg in reducing the level of C3 in lung tissue. Conclusions AF can protect lung tissue from cold exposure. The protective effect may be achieved by inhibition of C3 and negative regulation of the B cell receptor (BCR)/NF-κB signaling pathways and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which ultimately ameliorates the inflammatory response.

scholarly journals THE SPECIFICITY OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Salvin ◽  
R. F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Contact Hypersensitivity ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Pig Skin ◽  
Intradermal Administration ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
Pig Serum

Intradermal injection of a simple hapten (e.g., 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) in water-in-oil emulsion results in contact hypersensitivity to surface application of the homologous hapten and, after appearance of circulating antibody, in Arthus type hypersensitivity to a conjugate of homologous hapten with guinea pig serum. Intradermal administration of this conjugate induces delayed and subsequently Arthus hypersensitivity to the conjugate, but no evidence of a contact reaction to the hapten alone. When a conjugate of hapten plus solubilized guinea pig skin is used as the sensitizing antigen, both contact hypersensitivity to the hapten and delayed and/or Arthus reactions to the conjugate develop. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the specificity of contact sensitivity is directed toward some particular protein of the skin which has been modified by combination with hapten.

Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Peripheral Blood following Introduction of Antigen into the Middle Ear

1982 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen F. Ryan ◽  
M. Terry Hartman ◽  
Patrick H. Cleveland ◽  
Antonino Catanzaro
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Afferent Limb ◽  
Intradermal Administration ◽  
Intratympanic Injection

Serum levels of specific IgG and the sensitization of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes were measured in guinea pigs after single-dose antigenic sensitization by two routes-, intratympanic and intradermal injection. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) served as the antigen. Intratympanic injection of antigen resulted in much lower levels of circulating anti-KLH IgC than intradermal injection. When KLH was conjugated with alum to produce nonspecific inflammation and serve as an adjuvant, the intratympanic route was considerably enhanced, but remained much less effective than the intradermal route. Development of an IgG response was also somewhat less rapid following intratympanic than following intradermal administration. Marked sensitization of circulating T-lymphocytes was seen after intradermal injection of alum-precipitated KLH. A much weaker, though still positive, response was seen after intradermal injection of KLH alone and with the intratympanic injection of alum-precipitated KLH. No T-lymphocyte sensitization could be detected after intratympanic injection of KLH alone. It was concluded that the afferent limb of both humoral (IgG) and cell-mediated immunity was operative in the middle ear. Therefore, the middle ear does not represent an immunologically “privileged” site. On the other hand, the afferent limb from the middle ear appears to operate less effectively and rapidly than that from the dermis. This observation is consistent with observations in other mucosal systems.

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