scholarly journals Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Lysis Syndrome in the Era of Onco-Nephrology Progress

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-660
Author(s):  
Joanna Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska ◽  
Jolanta Malyszko
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Diuretic Therapy ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Phosphate Binders ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Knowledge Of Cancer

Background: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency due to a rapid break down of malignant cells usually induced by cytotoxic therapy, with hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and serious clinical consequences such as acute renal injury, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension, and death. Rapidly expanding knowledge of cancer immune evasion mechanisms and host-tumor interactions has significantly changed our therapeutic strategies in hemato-oncology what resulted in the expanding spectrum of neoplasms with a risk of TLS. Summary: Since clinical TLS is a life-threatening condition, identifying patients with risk factors for TLS development and implementation of adequate preventive measures remains the most critical component of its medical management. In general, these consist of vigilant laboratory and clinical monitoring, vigorous IV hydration, urate-lowering therapy, avoidance of exogenous potassium, use of phosphate binders, and – in high-risk cases – considering cytoreduction before the start of the aggressive agent or a gradual escalation of its dose. Key Messages: In patients with a high risk of TLS, cytotoxic chemotherapy should be given in the facility with ready access to dialysis and a treatment plan discussed with the nephrology team. In the case of hyperkalemia, severe hyperphosphatemia or acidosis, and fluid overload unresponsive to diuretic therapy, the early renal replacement therapy (RRT) should be considered. One must remember that in TLS, the threshold for RRT initiation may be lower than in other clinical situations since the process of cell breakdown is ongoing, and rapid increases in serum electrolytes cannot be predicted.

Rasburicase-induced methemoglobinemia: The eyes do not see what the mind does not know

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uroosa Ibrahim ◽  
Amina Saqib ◽  
Farhan Mohammad ◽  
Jean Paul Atallah ◽  
Marcel Odaimi
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Respiratory Compromise ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Methemoglobin Level ◽  
Treatment Considerations ◽  
Life Threatening

Rasburicase is indicated for the prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome which can be a potentially life-threatening emergency. The drug has oxidizing potential and as an adverse effect, it can convert the ferrous form of iron in erythrocytes to its ferric form resulting in the formation of methemoglobin which makes the heme component incapable of carrying oxygen. Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency are at high risk of methemoglobinemia from oxidizing agents. Symptoms of methemoglobinemia range from none to life-threatening hypoxemia, cyanosis and respiratory compromise. Treatment is indicated at levels above 20% and at lower levels if the patient is significantly anemic. We present a case of a 60-year-old male with diffuse large B cell lymphoma at high risk of tumor lysis syndrome. Rasburicase was administered to prevent renal failure and further rise in uric acid. Twenty-four hours later, a bedside pulse oximetry showed an oxygen saturation ranging from 60 to 65% with minimal cyanosis. Co-oximetry revealed a methemoglobin level of 9.8%. Methylene blue was administered and the methemoglobin level decreased to 2.6%. However, the patient developed hemolysis several hours later, likely secondary to rasburicase and methylene blue, requiring transfusion support. We discuss this potentially fatal and initially asymptomatic adverse effect of rasburicase along with diagnostic and treatment considerations, and review the cases described in the current literature.

scholarly journals Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Michał Piwoński ◽  
Klaudia Żak ◽  
Sylwiusz Niedobylski ◽  
Paweł Stanicki
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Kidney Failure ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Antitumor Therapy ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an acute, life-threatening condition that occurs either spontaneously or as a complication of cytoreductive antitumor therapy, and occurs in both children and adults. As a result of TLS, intracellular components are released into the extracellular space, leading to dysregulation of the body's homeostasis due to the accumulation of uric acid, phosphate and potassium ions, and hypocalcemia, which may lead to cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, or kidney failure.

scholarly journals The Domino Effect-Treatment of Superior Vena Cava Obstruction Triggering Tumor Lysis Syndrome: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Suman Ghosh ◽  
Tilak TVSVGK ◽  
Venkatesan Somasundaram ◽  
Mutreja Deepti
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Life Threatening

Oncological emergencies present in a multitude of manners-structural, metabolic, hematologic, etc. affecting multiple systems, often. Urgent institution of therapy is often required for a successful outcome. Occasionally, the treatment of one emergency can initiate a related or unrelated emergency, necessitating management of all the complications simultaneously. Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) is a medical emergency and most often manifests in patients with a malignant disease process requiring immediate diagnostic evaluation and therapy due to its’ life threatening presentation. The management of the SVCO is usually with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or intervention. In cases of large tumor burden, management of SVCO can trigger other complications. Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncologic emergency, which is characterized by a massive release of intracellular potassium, phosphate, and nucleic acid metabolites into the systemic circulation, which can be life-threatening. We present the case of a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with superior vena cava syndrome, developing tumor lysis syndrome on instituting definitive chemotherapy in a young patient. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0301-6 Full Text: PDF

Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric and Adult Tumor Lysis Syndrome: An Evidence-Based Review

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 2767-2778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Coiffier ◽  
Arnold Altman ◽  
Ching-Hon Pui ◽  
Anas Younes ◽  
Mitchell S. Cairo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
High Risk Patients ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Risk Patients

PurposeTumor lysis syndrome (TLS) has recently been subclassified into either laboratory TLS or clinical TLS, and a grading system has been established. Standardized guidelines, however, are needed to aid in the stratification of patients according to risk and to establish prophylaxis and treatment recommendations for patients at risk or with established TLS.MethodsA panel of experts in pediatric and adult hematologic malignancies and TLS was assembled to develop recommendations and guidelines for TLS based on clinical evidence and standards of care. A review of relevant literature was also used.ResultsNew guidelines are presented regarding the prevention and management of patients at risk of developing TLS. The best management of TLS is prevention. Prevention strategies include hydration and prophylactic rasburicase in high-risk patients, hydration plus allopurinol or rasburicase for intermediate-risk patients, and close monitoring for low-risk patients. Primary management of established TLS involves similar recommendations, with the addition of aggressive hydration and diuresis, plus allopurinol or rasburicase for hyperuricemia. Alkalinization is not recommended. Although guidelines for rasburicase use in adults are provided, this agent is currently only approved for use in pediatric patients in the United States.ConclusionThe potential severity of complications resulting from TLS requires measures for prevention in high-risk patients and prompts treatment in the event that symptoms arise. Recognition of risk factors, monitoring of at-risk patients, and appropriate interventions are the key to preventing or managing TLS. These guidelines should assist in the prevention of TLS and improve the management of patients with established TLS.

Hematologic and Oncologic Emergencies

2019 ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
James McCue
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Oncologic Emergencies ◽  
First Response ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Life Threatening

Hematologic and oncologic emergencies are an uncommon reason for people to present to the emergency department (ED), but when they do, it is important to know how to diagnose and treat these conditions because many of them are life threatening. Whether it is bleeding due to conditions such as hemophilia, von Willebrand’s disease, warfarin use, or dangerous conditions related to cancer such as tumor lysis syndrome or neutropenic fever, knowing the basics will help you manage these patients and also ace the standardized tests. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, best first response in the ED, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of these hematologic and oncologic emergencies.

Tumor lysis syndrome: an uncommon complication of fludarabine therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 2313-2320 ◽  
Author(s):  
B D Cheson ◽  
J N Frame ◽  
D Vena ◽  
N Quashu ◽  
J M Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Phase Ii Trials ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Laboratory Features

PURPOSE To quantify the incidence and severity of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) as a consequence of fludarabine therapy in patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review and questionnaire follow-up of clinical and laboratory data were performed on patients with intermediate or high-risk CLL on the National Cancer Institute Group C protocol or special exception mechanisms, or phase II trials of fludarabine, for whom adverse drug reports of TLS were available. Fludarabine was administered at a dose of 20 to 40 mg/m2 per day for 5 days at monthly intervals. RESULTS Among the 6,137 patients, TLS was suspected in 26 (0.42%), with clinical and laboratory features consistent with TLS present in 20 (0.33%). Prophylaxis against TLS had been administered to 60% of these patients. Clinical or laboratory features were similar to patients who did not develop TLS. Of the patients with TLS, 90% had high-risk CLL, 60 months of prior disease duration, with a median pretreatment WBC of 109 x 10(9)/L, two prior regimens, lymphadenopathy in 89%, splenomegaly and/or hepatomegaly in 90%. TLS developed on approximately day 7 and lasted a median of 9.5 days. Dialysis was required in 30% during the TLS episode; 20% of patients died during cycle one of fludarabine therapy with renal failure, and another 20% died of infection or congestive heart failure. Six patients were retreated with fludarabine without recurrent TLS. CONCLUSION TLS after fludarabine therapy is extremely uncommon, but may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals Fatal Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in a Patient with Metastatic Colon Cancer: A Clinical Case of Rare Oncological Emergency

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-260
Author(s):  
Inna Shaforostova ◽  
Robert Fiedler ◽  
Martina Zander ◽  
Johannes Pflumm ◽  
Wolfgang Josef März
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Metastatic Colon Cancer ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Oncological Emergency ◽  
Electrolyte Disturbances ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a potentially life-threatening complication of chemotherapy. It usually occurs in rapidly proliferating hematological malignancies. TLS is deemed spontaneous (STLS) when it occurs prior to any cytotoxic or definite treatment. STLS is extremely rare in solid tumors. Here, we report a rare case of fatal STLS in a 47-year-old woman diagnosed with metastatic colon cancer. The patient developed acute renal failure with anuria, electrolyte disturbances, and metabolic acidosis before initiating chemotherapy. Despite appropriate management of TLS, including renal replacement therapy, she died within a few days from multiorgan failure. Only few other case reports of STLS associated with colon cancer have been reported in the literature.

scholarly journals CLINICAL-PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE WITH HIGH RISK OF SUICIDE

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-210
Author(s):  
I, Mudrenko
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Basal Nuclei ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Risk Predictors ◽  
Depressive Episodes

The study involved comprehensive clinical-anamnestic, neuroimaging and pathopsychological examination of 75 patients with dementia in Alzheimer's disease. The patients were divided into main group with a high risk of suicide (36 patients), group without signs of suicidal behavior (SB) and control group (39 patients). Patients with SB were found to have the damage of basal nuclei and alba; expansion of the cerebral fissures; subcortical damage in insular, frontal, occipital, parietal regions; hippocampal atrophy. The following factors of suicide risk in patients with Alzheimer's disease were determined: psychic trauma (life-threatening condition, loss of work or money); communicative (lack of emotional, financial and communicative support); anamnestic (suicidal attempts and depressive episodes in past); personal (physical, verbal and indirect aggression, irritability, susceptibility, negativism, suspicion and feeling of guilt); clinical (hallucinatory-paranoid syndrome). Specified predictors serve as target symptoms for psychoprophylaxis.Key words: dementia in Alzheimer's disease, suicidal risk, predictors of suicide, clinical and psychopathological peculiarities. КЛІНІКО-ПСИХОПАТОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ХВОРИХ НА ДЕМЕНЦІЮ ПРИ ХВОРОБІ АЛЬЦГЕЙМЕРА З ВИСОКИМ РИЗИКОМ СУЇЦИДУМудренко І.Г.      Проведено комплексне клініко-анамнестичне, нейровізуалізаційне та патопсихологічне обстеження, обстежено 75 хворих з деменцією при хворобі Альцгеймера. Серед них виділено основну групу з високим ризиком суїциду (36 хворих) та без ознак суїцидальної поведінки (СП), контрольну (39 хворих). У хворих з СП частіше виявлялись враження базальних ядер та білої речовини півкуль мозку; розширення щілин мозку; субкортикальне враження в інсулярній, лобній, потиличній, тім’яній ділянках; атрофія гіппокампу. Встановлені наступні фактори ризику суїциду у хворих на хворобу Альцгеймера: психотравмуючі (небезпечна для життя хвороба, втрата роботи чи грошей); комунікативні (відсутність емоційної, фінансової та комунікативної  підтримки); анамнестичні (суїцидальні спроби та депресивні епізоди в минулому); особистісні (фізична, вербальна та непряма агресія, роздратованість, образливість, негативізм та підозрілість та почуття провини); клінічні (галюцинаторно-параноїдний синдром). Виділені предиктори будуть слугувати симптомами-мішенями для формування психопрофілактичних заходів.Ключові слова: деменція при хворобі Альцгеймера, суїцидальний ризик, предиктори суїциду, клініко-психопатологічні особливості. КЛИНИКО-ПСИХОПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ БОЛЬНЫХ С ДЕМЕНЦИЕЙ ПРИ БОЛЕЗНИ АЛЬЦГЕЙМЕРА С ВЫСОКИМ РИСКОМ СУИЦИДАМудренко И.Г.Проведено комплексное клинико-анамнестическое, нейровизуализационное и патопсихологическое обследование 75 больных с деменцией при болезни Альцгеймера. Среди них выделено основную группу с высоким риском суицида (36 больных) и без признаков суицидального поведения (СП) контрольную (39 больных). У больных с СП чаще выявлялось поражение базальных ядер и белого вещества полушарий мезга, расширение щелей мезга, субкортикальное поражение в инсулярной, лобной, затылочной, теменной одластях; атрофия гиппокампа. Установлены следующие факторы риска суицида у больных болезнью Альцгеймера: психотравмирующие (опасная для жизни болезнь, потеря работы или денег); коммуникативные (отсутствие эмоциональной, финансовой и коммуникативной поддержки) анамнестические (суицидальные попытки и депрессивные эпизоды в прошлом) личностные (физическая, вербальная и косвенная агрессия, раздражительность, обидчивость, негативизм и подозрительность и чувство вины); клинические (галлюцинаторно-параноидный синдром). ВКлючевые слова: деменция при болезни Альцгеймера, суицидальный риск, предикторы суицида, клинико-психопатологические особенности.

scholarly journals Hyperleucocytosis in children with acute mieloid leukemia

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
N. V. Zacharov ◽  
I. I. Kalinina ◽  
D. A. Venev ◽  
T. Y. Salimova ◽  
D. A. Evseev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Life Threatening

This article presents analysis of recent publications on hyperleukocytosis in children with AML. The mechanisms of the development of life-threatening complications accompanying hyperleukocytosis are analyzed in detail. In this review of the literature, the authors focus on the adequacy and timing of therapy for such life-threatening complications of hyperleukocytosis as leukostasis, DIC, and acute tumor lysis syndrome. The authors emphasize that in the treatment of hyperleukocytosis an important place, in addition to specific therapy, is taken by the accompanying therapy in the intensive care unit. The place of replacement blood transfusions and leukopheresis as part of the accompanying therapy is discussed.

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