Characterization of Tissue-Engineered Human Periosteum and Allograft Bone Constructs: The Potential of Periosteum in Bone Regenerative Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 209 (2–3) ◽  
pp. 128-143
Author(s):  
Qing Yu ◽  
Robin DiFeo Jacquet ◽  
William J. Landis
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Delayed Union ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
First Time ◽  
Segmental Bone Defects

Delayed-union or non-union between a host bone and a graft is problematic in clinical treatment of segmental bone defects in orthopedic cases. Based on a preliminary study of human periosteum allografts from this laboratory, the present work has extensively investigated the use of human cadaveric tissue-engineered periosteum-allograft constructs as an approach to healing such serious orthopedic surgical situations. In this current report, human cadaveric periosteum-wrapped bone allografts and counterpart controls without periosteum were implanted subcutaneously in athymic mice (<i>nu/nu</i>) for 10, 20, and, for the first time, 40 weeks. Specimens were then harvested and assessed by histological and gene expression analyses. Compared to controls, the presence of new bone formation and resorption in periosteum-allograft constructs was indicated in both histology and gene expression results over 40 weeks of implantation. Of several genes also examined for the first time, <i>RANKL</i> and <i>SOST</i> expression levels increased in a statistically significant manner, data suggesting that bone formation and the presence of increasing numbers of osteocytes in bone matrices had increased with time. The tissue-engineering strategy described in this study provides a possible means of improving delayed-union or non-union at the healing sites of segmental bone defects or bone fractures. The potential of periosteum and its resident cells could thereby be utilized effectively in tissue-engineering methods and tissue regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Surface mineralized biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics loaded with urine-derived stem cells are effective in bone regeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Xing ◽  
Lang Li ◽  
Jiachen Sun ◽  
Guoming Liu ◽  
Xin Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Biphasic Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
Segmental Bone Defects

Abstract Background Segmental bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or infection are a serious challenge for orthopedists in the world. Recent developments in tissue engineering have provided a new treatment for segmental bone defects. Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) can be obtained noninvasively and might be a new kind of seed cells used in bone tissue regeneration. Therefore, the first aim of the present study was to investigate the biological characteristics of USCs. The second aim of the present study was to study the osteogenic effect of surface mineralized biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (BCPs) loaded with USCs in vitro and in vivo. Methods We isolated USCs from the urine of healthy adult donors and evaluated the biological characteristics of USCs in vitro. We mineralized the surface of BCPs by simulated body fluid (SBF). Cell adhesion and proliferation of USCs on the surface mineralized BCPs were evaluated. Osteogenic proteins and genes of USCs on the surface mineralized BCPs were texted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Critical-sized segmental bone defects model in New Zealand white rabbits were established and randomly divided into 4 groups (surface mineralized BCPs loaded with USCs, BCPs loaded with USCs, surface mineralized BCPs, and BCPs) based on the implant they received. The therapeutic efficacy of the scaffolds in a large bone defect at post-implantation was evaluated by imaging and histological examination. Results USCs isolated in our study expressed stem cell-specific phenotypes and had a stable proliferative capacity and multipotential differentiation capability. Surface mineralized BCPs promoted osteogenic proteins and genes expression of USCs without affecting the proliferation of USCs. After 10 weeks, the amount of new bone formation was the highest in the group of surface mineralized BCPs loaded with USCs. Conclusion USCs, from non-invasive sources, have good application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering. Surface mineralized BCPs can significantly enhance osteogenic potential of USCs without changing biological characteristics of BCPs. Surface mineralized BCPs loaded with USCs are effective in repairing of critical-sized segmental bone defects in rabbits.

The Treatment Efficacy of Bone Tissue Engineering Strategy for Repairing Segmental Bone Defects Under Osteoporotic Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 2346-2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Xing Wang ◽  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Quan Zhou ◽  
Xian Song Wang ◽  
Guangdong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Engineering Strategy ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
Segmental Bone Defects

scholarly journals Use of Tantalum Trabecular Metal Cones for Management of Nonunion of the Distal Femur with Segmental Bone Defects: Technique and Case Series

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W Reynolds ◽  
Patricia R Melvin ◽  
Eric J Yakish ◽  
Nicholas Sotereanos ◽  
Gregory T Altman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distal Femur ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Autologous Bone Graft ◽  
Trabecular Metal ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
Keywords Femur ◽  
Segmental Bone Defects

Introduction: Segmental bone loss in the distal femur presents a challenge for reconstruction regardless of etiology. Use of tantalum trabecular metal cones with intramedullary fixation and autologous bone graft may be used as a salvage technique in difficult situations where other options have either been exhausted or are unavailable. Case Report: Surgical planning and technique for this approach to reconstruction are described. A retrospective review of five cases with >1 year of follow-up was performed to provide radiographic and clinical outcomes. All five patients had satisfactory outcomes with clinical union and retention of implants at final follow-up (average >4 years). Conclusions: Use of tantalum metal cones for reconstruction of distal femur nonunion with segmental bone defects can be a successful technique in a complex group of patients. Keywords: Femur, bone defect, non-union, induced membrane, tantalum.

scholarly journals Bone Regeneration in Load-Bearing Segmental Defects, Guided by Biomorphic, Hierarchically Structured Apatitic Scaffold

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Kon ◽  
Francesca Salamanna ◽  
Giuseppe Filardo ◽  
Berardo Di Matteo ◽  
Nogah Shabshin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Porous Structure ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
New Bone Formation ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
Segmental Bone Defects

The regeneration of load-bearing segmental bone defects remains a significant clinical problem in orthopedics, mainly due to the lack of scaffolds with composition and 3D porous structure effective in guiding and sustaining new bone formation and vascularization in large bone defects. In the present study, biomorphic calcium phosphate bone scaffolds (GreenBone™) featuring osteon-mimicking, hierarchically organized, 3D porous structure and lamellar nano-architecture were implanted in a critical cortical defect in sheep and compared with allograft. Two different types of scaffolds were tested: one made of ion-doped hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium-phosphate (GB-1) and other made of undoped hydroxyapatite only (GB-2). X-ray diffraction patterns of GB-1 and GB-2 confirmed that both scaffolds were made of hydroxyapatite, with a minor amount of β-TCP in GB-1. The chemical composition analysis, obtained by ICP-OES spectrometer, highlighted the carbonation extent and the presence of small amounts of Mg and Sr as doping ions in GB-1. SEM micrographs showed the channel-like wide open porosity of the biomorphic scaffolds and the typical architecture of internal channel walls, characterized by a cell structure mimicking the natural parenchyma of the rattan wood used as a template for the scaffold fabrication. Both GB-1 and GB-2 scaffolds show very similar porosity extent and 3D organization, as also revealed by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Comparing the two scaffolds, GB-1 showed slightly higher fracture strength, as well as improved stability at the stress plateau. In comparison to allograft, at the follow-up time of 6 months, both GB-1 and GB-2 scaffolds showed higher new bone formation and quality of regenerated bone (trabecular thickness, number, and separation). In addition, higher osteoid surface (OS/BS), osteoid thickness (OS.Th), osteoblast surface (Ob.S/BS), vessels/microvessels numbers, as well as substantial osteoclast-mediated implant resorption were observed. The highest values in OS.Th and Ob. S/BS parameters were found in GB-1 scaffold. Finally, Bone Mineralization Index of new bone within scaffolds, as determined by micro-indentation, showed a significantly higher microhardness for GB-1 scaffold in comparison to GB-2. These findings suggested that the biomorphic calcium phosphate scaffolds were able to promote regeneration of load-bearing segmental bone defects in a clinically relevant scenario, which still represents one of the greatest challenges in orthopedics nowadays.

scholarly journals Infection and tissue engineering in segmental bone defects—a mini review

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manitha B Nair ◽  
James D Kretlow ◽  
Antonios G Mikos ◽  
F Kurtis Kasper
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
Segmental Bone Defects

scholarly journals rhBMP-2 Modulation of Gene Expression in Infected Segmental Bone Defects

2008 ◽  
Vol 467 (12) ◽  
pp. 3096-3103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Brick ◽  
Xinqian Chen ◽  
Jamie Lohr ◽  
Andrew H. Schmidt ◽  
Louis S. Kidder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Modulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
Segmental Bone Defects

scholarly journals Guided bone regeneration with osteoconductive grafts and PDGF: A tissue engineering option for segmental bone defect reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 228080002098740
Author(s):  
Mohammed Alkindi ◽  
Sundar Ramalingam ◽  
Osama Alghamdi ◽  
Omar Mohamed Alomran ◽  
Mohammed Awadh Binsalah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Guided Bone Regeneration ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Graft Material ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Segmental Bone ◽  
Segmental Bone Defects

Regeneration and reconstruction of segmental bone defects (SBD) is a clinical challenge in maxillofacial surgery and orthopedics. The present study evaluated efficacy of guided bone-regeneration (GBR) of rat femoral SBD using osteoconductive equine-bone (EB) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) grafts, either with or without platelet-derived growth-factor (PDGF). Following ethical-approval, 50 male Wistar-Albino rats (aged ~12–15 months and weighing ~450–500 g) were included. A 5 mm femoral critical-size SBD was created and animals were divided into five groups depending on the graft material used for GBR (EB, EB + PDGF, Autograft, beta-TCP, beta-TCP + PDGF; n = 10/group). Following 12-weeks of healing, animals were sacrificed and femur specimens were analyzed through qualitative histology and quantitative histomorphometry. There was new bone bridging femoral SBD in all groups and qualitatively, better bone formation was seen in autograft and EB + PDGF groups. Histomorphometric bone-area (BA %) was significantly high in autograft group, followed by EB + PDGF, beta-TCP + PDGF, EB, and beta-TCP groups. Addition of PDGF to EB and beta-TCP during GBR resulted in significantly higher BA%. After 12-weeks of healing, EB + PDGF for GBR of rat femoral segmental defects resulted in new bone formation similar to that of autograft. Based on this study, GBR with EB and adjunct PDGF could be a potential clinical alternative for reconstruction and regeneration of segmental bone defects.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Illustration: How Newly-Formed Blood Vessels Stopped by the Mineral Blocks of Bone Substitutes Can Be Avoided by Using Innovative Combined Therapeutics

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Fabien Bornert ◽  
François Clauss ◽  
Guoqiang Hua ◽  
Ysia Idoux-Gillet ◽  
Laetitia Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Medicinal Product ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
New Bone Formation ◽  
Polymeric Component ◽  
Bone Filling

One major limitation for the vascularization of bone substitutes used for filling is the presence of mineral blocks. The newly-formed blood vessels are stopped or have to circumvent the mineral blocks, resulting in inefficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the implant. This leads to necrosis within the implant and to poor engraftment of the bone substitute. The aim of the present study is to provide a bone substitute currently used in the clinic with suitably guided vascularization properties. This therapeutic hybrid bone filling, containing a mineral and a polymeric component, is fortified with pro-angiogenic smart nano-therapeutics that allow the release of angiogenic molecules. Our data showed that the improved vasculature within the implant promoted new bone formation and that the newly-formed bone swapped the mineral blocks of the bone substitutes much more efficiently than in non-functionalized bone substitutes. Therefore, we demonstrated that our therapeutic bone substitute is an advanced therapeutical medicinal product, with great potential to recuperate and guide vascularization that is stopped by mineral blocks, and can improve the regeneration of critical-sized bone defects. We have also elucidated the mechanism to understand how the newly-formed vessels can no longer encounter mineral blocks and pursue their course of vasculature, giving our advanced therapeutical bone filling great potential to be used in many applications, by combining filling and nano-regenerative medicine that currently fall short because of problems related to the lack of oxygen and nutrients.

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