scholarly journals Emergence of COVID-19 Infection: What Is Known and What Is to Be Expected – Narrative Review Article

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nourah S. AlTakarli
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Review ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Current State ◽  
First Case ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Background: The discovery of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan city (China) has raised a global public health concern, as the city consists of around 11 million people and is considered a major transport and logistics hub. This deadly virus caused the world to be in high alert as the death toll and the number of confirmed cases is continuously rising since the first case was reported. The Chinese government warned that the transmission ability of the virus is increasing, and international efforts are needed to overcome this outbreak. The purpose of this review is to focus on the published articles about the new virus, which will give an insight into the current state of research and data available, as well as recommending future studies. Methods: For this narrative review, more than 20 relevant scientific articles and reports were considered from various databases (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct) using keywords such as Coronavirus Outbreak, COVID-19, Emerging Epidemics, Emerging Infections, and Novel Coronavirus. Results: The results from this review show that the situation is rapidly evolving, as human-to-human transmission is occurring, and the number of new cases and mortalities is increasing by the day and on a global level. There is still ambiguity about mutation risks and how the virus spreads as the source was not yet identified. Major gaps in knowledge about the origin of the virus, epidemiology and transmission impose a great challenge, which emphasizes the need for further studies in the future.

scholarly journals Current status of global research on novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a bibliometric analysis and knowledge mapping

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mahbub Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Knowledge Mapping ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Research Collaborations ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Global Research

Background: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a major global health concern due to its pathogenicity and widespread distribution around the world. Despite a growing interest, little is known about the current state of research on COVID-19. This bibliometric study evaluated the contemporary scientific literature to assess the evolution of knowledge on COVID-19, identify the leading research stakeholders, and analyze the conceptual areas of knowledge development in this domain. Methods: Bibliometric data on COVID-19 related studies published until April 1, 2020, were retrieved from Web of Science core collection. Further, a quantitative evaluation and visualizations of knowledge areas in COVID-19 research were created by statistical and text-mining approaches using bibliometric tools and R software. Results: A total of 422 citations were retained in this study, including journal articles, reviews, letters, and other publications. The mean number of authors and citations per document was 3.91 and 2.47, respectively. Also, the top ten articles, authors, and journals were identified based on the frequencies of citations and publications. Networks of contributing authors, institutions, and countries were visualized in maps, which highlight discrete developments in research collaborations. Major areas identified through evaluating keywords and text data included genetic, epidemiological, zoonotic, and other biological topics associated with COVID-19. Conclusions: Current status of COVID-19 research shows early development in different areas of knowledge. More research should be conducted in less-explored areas, including socioeconomic determinants and impacts of COVID-19. Also, global research collaboration should be encouraged for strengthening evidence-based decision-making preventing and addressing the COVID-19 pandemic and aftermath.

SARS-COV2 virus and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 977-982
Author(s):  
Mohamed J. Saadh ◽  
Bashar Haj Rashid M ◽  
Roa’a Matar ◽  
Sajeda Riyad Aldibs ◽  
Hala Sbaih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

SARS-COV2 virus causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. The novel coronavirus (2019) was discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, the market of the wet animal, China with viral pneumonia cases and is life-threatening. Today, WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is likely to be zoonotic. It is transmitted from bats as intermediary animals to human. Also, the virus is transmitted from human to human who is in close contact with others. The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is nearly supportive; the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. The SARS-COV2 virus spreads faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality. In this article, we aimed to summarize the transmission, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine to control the spread of this fatal disease.

scholarly journals Research on International Cooperative Governance of the COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyu Lin ◽  
Hualei Yang ◽  
Yuanyang Wu ◽  
Xiaodong Zheng ◽  
Lin Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cooperative Governance

Since the first case of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has quickly spread to all the corners of the world. Amid the global public health threats posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, active cooperative governance has gradually emerged as the most powerful weapon against its spread. To facilitate international cooperation for pandemic governance, this paper applied the evolutionary game theory to analyze the factors influencing active cooperative governance and, based on the results, proposed a series of recommendations for promoting international cooperation. (1) leveraging the role of international organizations to reduce the cost of realizing the strategy of active cooperative governance, (2) promoting the international exchange of related experiences to lower the cost of active pandemic governance, (3) sustaining productive and daily activities during the pandemic in a classified and hierarchical manner to reduce the economic loss incurred by active pandemic governance, and (4) optimizing the incentive measures of international organizations to facilitate the selection of active cooperative governance. Finally, from the four aspects of resource management of pandemic treatment, supply management of living materials, population flow cooperation management, and governance fund cooperation management, this paper gives the path of international pandemic cooperative governance.

scholarly journals The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Hozhabri ◽  
Francesca Piceci Sparascio ◽  
Hamidreza Sohrabi ◽  
Leila Mousavifar ◽  
René Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Over the past two decades, there have been two major outbreaks where the crossover of animal Betacoronaviruses to humans has resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In December 2019, a global public health concern started with the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) which has rapidly spread all over the world from its origin in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, which includes human SARS-CoV, MERS and two other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. The fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower than the two previous coronavirus epidemics, but it is faster spreading and the large number of infected people with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness, showed SARS-CoV-2 to be highly contagious. Based on the current published evidence, herein we summarize the origin, genetics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, preventions, diagnosis and up to date treatments of SARS-CoV-2 infections in comparison with those caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Moreover, the possible impact of weather conditions on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is also discussed. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to reconsider the two previous pandemics and provide a reference for future studies as well as therapeutic approaches.

The Novel Coronavirus: A Major Global Health Concern

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Care Staff ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Health Care Staff ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Nucleoprotein N ◽  
The City

Today, Coronavirus (Cov) is one of the most dangerous diseases worldwide, and many people suffer from it. Coronavirus as a deadly virus was first recognized and spread in the City of Wuhan, Province of Hubei, China. This virion contains nucleocapsid, which is consists of phosphorylated nucleoprotein (N) and genomic RNA. The RNA of coronaviruses is enveloped, not fragmented, and is a positively sensitive single-stranded RNA that is known to be the largest viral genome in various sizes from 26 to 32 kV. Cov usually tends to provoke mild to severe respiratory disease. The symptoms of Cov may comprise headache, cough, fever, sore throat, runny nose, and a discomfort sensation. People with chronic diseases and health care staff are at greater risk of infection. Some compounds, such as mycophenolic acid and cyclosporine A, RNAi, and monoclonal antibodies have shown inhibitory effects against Cov. This article briefly discusses the nature, symptoms, transmission, treatment, prevention, and protection of this deadly virus.

scholarly journals The Covid-19 Pandemic and its Effect on the Elderly: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maimoona Nadri ◽  
Ujala Zubair
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In 2019, the world experienced a global public health concern when the novel coronavirus originated from China and affected around fifty-seven thousand people around the world by March 2020. The quick rise in the number of cases and the death toll overwhelmed the scientific and medical community. While all the focus was driven towards finding the epidemiology, the treatment and the management, the mental health aspect of the quarantine was being overlooked. The purpose of this review is to create awareness about the long-term consequences of quarantine, with the focus on the elderly community in Pakistan. 

scholarly journals Uncommon Atypical Presentations of COVID-19: Important and Should Not be Under Recognized!

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sim Sai ◽  
Viroj Wiwanitkit
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Atypical Presentations

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new viral disease that has become a global public health concern in 2020. This disease is caused by a novel coronavirus firstly detected in the People’s Republic of China. This viral infection can cause febrile illness and respiratory problems. There are other uncommon clinical presentations of COVID-19 such as afebrile illness, diarrhea, non-coughing and confusion. These atypical presentations can result in difficulty in diagnosing the disease. In this short review, the authors specifically discuss the important uncommon atypical presentations of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Exclusion of Pregnant Women from Clinical Trials during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Review of International Registries

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (08) ◽  
pp. 792-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin D. Smith ◽  
Jessica L. Pippen ◽  
Adebayo A. Adesomo ◽  
Kara M. Rood ◽  
Mark B. Landon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Health ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Current State ◽  
Key Points ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Trials Registry

Objective Pregnant women have been historically excluded from clinical trials for nonobstetric conditions, even during prior epidemics. The objective of this review is to describe the current state of research for pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Study Design We conducted a search of international trial registries for trials relating to the novel coronavirus. The eligibility criteria for each trial were reviewed for inclusion/exclusion of pregnant women. Relevant data were extracted and descriptive statistics were calculated for individual and combined data. The total number of trials from each registry were compared, as well as the proportions of pregnancy-related trials within each. Results Among 621,370 trials in the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry, 927 (0.15%) were COVID-19 related. Of those, the majority (52%) explicitly excluded pregnancy or failed to address pregnancy at all (46%) and only 16 (1.7%) were pregnancy specific. When categorized by region, 688 (74.2%) of COVID-19 trials were in Asia, followed by 128 (13.8%) in Europe, and 66 (7.2%) in North America. Of the COVID-19 trials which included pregnant women, only three were randomized-controlled drug trials. Conclusion Approximately 1.7% of current COVID-19 research is pregnancy related and the majority of trials either explicitly exclude or fail to address pregnancy. Only three interventional trials worldwide involved pregnant women. The knowledge gap concerning the safety and efficacy of interventions for COVID-19 created by the exclusion of pregnant women may ultimately harm them. While “ethical” concerns about fetal exposure are often cited, it is in fact unethical to habitually exclude pregnant women from research. Key Points

scholarly journals Epidemiological and ecological determinants of Zika virus transmission in an urban setting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lourenço ◽  
M Maia de Lima ◽  
NR Faria ◽  
A Walker ◽  
MUG Kraemer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The City

AbstractZika has emerged as a global public health concern. Although its rapid geographic expansion can be attributed to the success of its Aedes mosquito vectors, local epidemiological drivers are still poorly understood. The city of Feira de Santana played a pivotal role in the early phases of the Chikungunya and Zika epidemics in Brazil. Here, using a climate-driven transmission model, we show that low Zika observation rates and a high vectorial capacity in this region were responsible for a high attack rate during the 2015 outbreak and the subsequent decline in cases in 2016, when the epidemic was peaking in the rest of the country. Our projections indicate that the balance between the loss of herd-immunity and the frequency of viral re-importation will dictate the transmission potential of Zika in this region in the near future. Sporadic outbreaks are expected but unlikely to be detected under current surveillance systems.

scholarly journals Applications of Virtual Data in Subsea Inspections

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael O’Byrne ◽  
Bidisha Ghosh ◽  
Franck Schoefs ◽  
Vikram Pakrashi
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Real World ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
First Case ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inspection Process ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Virtual Data

This paper investigates the role that virtual environments can play in assisting engineers and divers when performing subsea inspections. We outline the current state of research and technology that is relevant to the development of effective virtual environments. Three case studies are presented demonstrating how the inspection process can be enhanced through the use of virtual data. The first case study looks at how immersive virtual underwater scenes can be created to help divers and inspectors plan and implement real-world inspections. The second case study shows an example where deep learning-based computer vision methods are trained on datasets comprised of instances of virtual damage, specifically instances of barnacle fouling on the surface of a ship hull. The trained deep models are then applied to detect real-world instances of biofouling with promising results. The final case study shows how image-based damage detection methods can be calibrated using virtual images of damage captured under various simulated levels of underwater visibility. The work emphasizes the value of virtual data in creating a more efficient, safe and informed underwater inspection campaign for a wide range of built infrastructure, potentially leading to better monitoring, inspection and lifetime performance of such underwater structures.

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