Seasonal Variation in Activity Budget of Assamese Macaques in Limestone Forest of Southwest Guangxi, China

Yuhui Li; Guangzhi Ma; Qihai Zhou; Zhonghao Huang

doi:10.1159/000506593

Seasonal variation in social organisation and diurnal activity budget of the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) in the Argentinean pampas

Emu - Austral Ornithology ◽

10.1071/mu07052 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 108 (2) ◽

pp. 167-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mariana E. Carro ◽

Gustavo J. Fernández

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Activity Budget ◽

Social Organisation ◽

Diurnal Activity ◽

Rhea Americana ◽

Greater Rhea

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Seasonal Variation in the Activity Budget of Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis) in Tropical Deciduous Forest, Rajasthan, India

Folia Zoologica ◽

10.25225/fozo.v65.i1.a6.2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 38-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vijay Kumar Koli ◽

Chhaya Bhatnagar

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Activity Budget ◽

Tropical Deciduous Forest ◽

Flying Squirrel ◽

Petaurista Philippensis

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Seasonal variation in activity budget and diet of the endangered Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) in the tourist valley of Ouzoud, central High Atlas, Morocco

Mammalia ◽

10.1515/mammalia-2011-0054 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Abderrazak El Alami ◽

Abderrahman Chait

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Activity Budget ◽

Macaca Sylvanus ◽

Barbary Macaque ◽

High Atlas ◽

Central High ◽

Central High Atlas

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The effect of reproductive state on activity budget, feeding behavior, and urinary C-peptide levels in wild female Assamese macaques

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ◽

10.1007/s00265-021-03058-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 75 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Sonia Touitou ◽

Michael Heistermann ◽

Oliver Schülke ◽

Julia Ostner

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Activity Budget ◽

Female Reproduction ◽

Wild Female ◽

Energetic Costs ◽

Female Reproductive Success ◽

C Peptide ◽

Assamese Macaques ◽

Physiological Adaptations ◽

Lactating Females

Abstract The source of maternal energy supporting reproduction (i.e., stored or incoming) is an important factor determining different breeding strategies (capital, income or mixed) in female mammals. Key periods of energy storage and allocation might induce behavioral and physiological shifts in females, and investigating their distribution throughout reproduction helps in determining vulnerable phases shaping female reproductive success. Here, we examined the effects of reproductive state on activity budget, feeding behavior, and urinary C-peptide (uCP) levels, a physiological marker of energy balance, in 43 wild female Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis). Over a 13-month study period, we collected 96,266 instantaneous records of activity and 905 urine samples. We found that early lactating females and non-gestating–non-lactating females follow an energy-saving strategy consisting of resting more at the expense of feeding and consuming mostly fruits which contributed to enhancing their energy intake and feeding efficiency. We found an opposite pattern in gestating and late lactating females who feed more at the expense of resting and consume mostly seeds, providing a fiber-rich diet. Storing food into cheek pouches increased throughout gestation while it decreased all along with lactation. Lastly, we found the highest uCP levels during late gestation. Our results reflect different feeding adaptations in response to the energetic costs of reproduction and suggest a critical role of fat accumulation before conception and metabolizing fat during gestation and lactation. Overall, our study provides an integrative picture of the energetics of reproduction in a seasonal species and contributes to our understanding of the diversity of behavioral and physiological adaptations shaping female reproductive success. Significance statement To offset their substantial energetic investment in reproduction, mammalian females may modify their behavior and the way they extract energy from their environment. In addition, as a result of heightened energy expenditure, female reproduction might trigger physiological shifts. To date, most studies investigated the energetic costs of female reproduction using either a behavioral or a physiological approach. To arrive at a more comprehensive picture, we combined behavioral data with a physiological marker of energy balance, i.e., urinary C-peptide, in a seasonal primate species in its natural habitat. Our results indicate that throughout the reproductive cycle, behavioral and physiological adaptations operate concomitantly, inducing modifications in female activity budget, feeding behavior, and suggesting shifts in fat use. Overall, our results illustrate the relevance of combining data on behavior and hormones to investigate breeding strategies in coping with the energetic costs of reproduction.

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