A Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Model of the Western Lowland Gorilla Foot: Examining Muscle Torques and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-493
Author(s):  
Colleen Goh ◽  
Mary L. Blanchard ◽  
Robin H. Crompton ◽  
Michael M. Gunther ◽  
Sophie Macaulay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Western Lowland Gorilla ◽  
And Function ◽  
Muscle Torques

Conformation of Ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
And Function

The present knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ribosomes is far too limited to enable a complete understanding of the various roles which ribosomes play in protein biosynthesis. The spatial arrangement of proteins and ribonuclec acids in ribosomes can be analysed in many ways. Determination of binding sites for individual proteins on ribonuclec acid and locations of the mutual positions of proteins on the ribosome using labeling with fluorescent dyes, cross-linking reagents, neutron-diffraction or antibodies against ribosomal proteins seem to be most successful approaches. Structure and function of ribosomes can be correlated be depleting the complete ribosomes of some proteins to the functionally inactive core and by subsequent partial reconstitution in order to regain active ribosomal particles.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Structural Role of rRNAs on the Ribosomal Subunits from E. Coli by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 424-425
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
N. Robakis ◽  
J.S. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Ribosomal Subunits ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
And Function

The three-dimensional structure and function of biological supramolecular complexes are, in general, determined and stabilized by conformation and interactions of their macromolecular components. In the case of ribosomes, it has been suggested that one of the functions of ribosomal RNAs is to act as a scaffold maintaining the shape of the ribosomal subunits. In order to investigate this question, we have conducted a comparative TEM and STEM study of the structure of the small 30S subunit of E. coli and its 16S RNA.The conventional electron microscopic imaging of nucleic acids is performed by spreading them in the presence of protein or detergent; the particles are contrasted by electron dense solution (uranyl acetate) or by shadowing with metal (tungsten). By using the STEM on freeze-dried specimens we have avoided the shearing forces of the spreading, and minimized both the collapse of rRNA due to air drying and the loss of resolution due to staining or shadowing. Figure 1, is a conventional (TEM) electron micrograph of 30S E. coli subunits contrasted with uranyl acetate.

Predicting spatial activity patterns in a neural map from a probabilistic atlas of 3-D reconstructed neurons

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 812-813
Author(s):  
G. Jacobs ◽  
F. Theunissen
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Probabilistic Atlas ◽  
Uniform Sample ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
And Function ◽  
Visualization Techniques

In order to understand how the algorithms underlying neural computation are implemented within any neural system, it is necessary to understand details of the anatomy, physiology and global organization of the neurons from which the system is constructed. Information is represented in neural systems by patterns of activity that vary in both their spatial extent and in the time domain. One of the great challenges to microscopists is to devise methods for imaging these patterns of activity and to correlate them with the underlying neuroanatomy and physiology. We have addressed this problem by using a combination of three dimensional reconstruction techniques, quantitative analysis and computer visualization techniques to build a probabilistic atlas of a neural map in an insect sensory system. The principal goal of this study was to derive a quantitative representation of the map, based on a uniform sample of afferents that was of sufficient size to allow statistically meaningful analyses of the relationships between structure and function.

scholarly journals Mice with cleavage-resistant N-cadherin exhibit synapse anomaly in the hippocampus and outperformance in spatial learning tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Asada-Utsugi ◽  
K. Uemura ◽  
M. Kubota ◽  
Y. Noda ◽  
Y. Tashiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Function ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Glutamatergic Synapses ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nmdar Activation ◽  
And Function

AbstractN-cadherin is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule that stabilizes excitatory synapses, by connecting pre- and post-synaptic termini. Upon NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation by glutamate, membrane-proximal domains of N-cadherin are cleaved serially by a-disintegrin-and-metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and then presenilin 1(PS1, catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex). To assess the physiological significance of the initial N-cadherin cleavage, we engineer the mouse genome to create a knock-in allele with tandem missense mutations in the mouse N-cadherin/Cadherin-2 gene (Cdh2R714G, I715D, or GD) that confers resistance on proteolysis by ADAM10 (GD mice). GD mice showed a better performance in the radial maze test, with significantly less revisiting errors after intervals of 30 and 300 s than WT, and a tendency for enhanced freezing in fear conditioning. Interestingly, GD mice reveal higher complexity in the tufts of thorny excrescence in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Fine morphometry with serial section transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction reveals significantly higher synaptic density, significantly smaller PSD area, and normal dendritic spine volume in GD mice. This knock-in mouse has provided in vivo evidence that ADAM10-mediated cleavage is a critical step in N-cadherin shedding and degradation and involved in the structure and function of glutamatergic synapses, which affect the memory function.

The functional vascular anatomy of the swine for research

Vascular ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170853812199650
Author(s):  
Joseph Edwards ◽  
Hossam Abdou ◽  
Neerav Patel ◽  
Marta J Madurska ◽  
Kelly Poe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Research ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Translational Research Program ◽  
And Function

Objectives Swine ( Sus Scrofa) are utilized broadly in research settings, given similarities to human vessel size and function; however, there are some important differences for clinicians to understand in order to interpret and perform translational research. This review article uses angiograms acquired in the course of a translational research program to present a description of the functional anatomy of the swine. Methods Digital subtraction angiography and computed tomography angiography were obtained throughout the course of multiple studies utilizing power injection with iodinated contrast. Subtracted two-dimensional images and three-dimensional multiplanar reformations were utilized post image acquisition to create maximal intensity projections and three-dimensional renderings of using open-source software (OsiriX). These imaging data are presented along with vessel measurements for reference. Results An atlas highlighting swine vascular anatomy, with an emphasis on inter-species differences that may influence how studies are conducted and interpreted, was compiled. Conclusions Swine are utilized in broad-reaching fields for preclinical research. While many similarities between human and swine vasculature exist, there are important differences to consider when conducting and interpreting research. This review article highlights these differences and presents accompanying images to inform clinicians gaining experience in swine research.

scholarly journals Disorder in a two-domain neuronal Ca2+-binding protein regulates domain stability and dynamics using ligand mimicry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Staby ◽  
Katherine R. Kemplen ◽  
Amelie Stein ◽  
Michael Ploug ◽  
Jane Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Disordered Proteins ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
Order And Disorder ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Stability Dynamics ◽  
And Function

Abstract Understanding the interplay between sequence, structure and function of proteins has been complicated in recent years by the discovery of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which perform biological functions in the absence of a well-defined three-dimensional fold. Disordered protein sequences account for roughly 30% of the human proteome and in many proteins, disordered and ordered domains coexist. However, few studies have assessed how either feature affects the properties of the other. In this study, we examine the role of a disordered tail in the overall properties of the two-domain, calcium-sensing protein neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1). We show that loss of just six of the 190 residues at the flexible C-terminus is sufficient to severely affect stability, dynamics, and folding behavior of both ordered domains. We identify specific hydrophobic contacts mediated by the disordered tail that may be responsible for stabilizing the distal N-terminal domain. Moreover, sequence analyses indicate the presence of an LSL-motif in the tail that acts as a mimic of native ligands critical to the observed order–disorder communication. Removing the disordered tail leads to a shorter life-time of the ligand-bound complex likely originating from the observed destabilization. This close relationship between order and disorder may have important implications for how investigations into mixed systems are designed and opens up a novel avenue of drug targeting exploiting this type of behavior.

scholarly journals A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) pelvis and hind limb

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 (19) ◽  
pp. 3709-3723 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. O'Neill ◽  
L.-F. Lee ◽  
S. G. Larson ◽  
B. Demes ◽  
J. T. Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document