scholarly journals Golgipathies in Neurodevelopment: A New View of Old Defects

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 396-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sowmyalakshmi Rasika ◽  
Sandrine Passemard ◽  
Alain Verloes ◽  
Pierre Gressens ◽  
Vincent El Ghouzzi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Posttranslational Processing ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Multisystem Involvement

The Golgi apparatus (GA) is involved in a whole spectrum of activities, from lipid biosynthesis and membrane secretion to the posttranslational processing and trafficking of most proteins, the control of mitosis, cell polarity, migration and morphogenesis, and diverse processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and the stress response. In keeping with its versatility, mutations in GA proteins lead to a number of different disorders, including syndromes with multisystem involvement. Intriguingly, however, > 40% of the GA-related genes known to be associated with disease affect the central or peripheral nervous system, highlighting the critical importance of the GA for neural function. We have previously proposed the term “Golgipathies” in relation to a group of disorders in which mutations in GA proteins or their molecular partners lead to consequences for brain development, in particular postnatal-onset microcephaly (POM), white-matter defects, and intellectual disability (ID). Here, taking into account the broader role of the GA in the nervous system, we refine and enlarge this emerging concept to include other disorders whose symptoms may be indicative of altered neurodevelopmental processes, from neurogenesis to neuronal migration and the secretory function critical for the maturation of postmitotic neurons and myelination.

Shaping the nervous system: role of the core planar cell polarity genes

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 525-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadel Tissir ◽  
André M. Goffinet
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
The Core

scholarly journals The Contribution of Microglia to the Development and Maturation of the Visual System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Dixon ◽  
Ursula Greferath ◽  
Erica L. Fletcher ◽  
Andrew I. Jobling
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Quiescent Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Vascular Plexuses

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), were once considered quiescent cells that sat in readiness for reacting to disease and injury. Over the last decade, however, it has become clear that microglia play essential roles in maintaining the normal nervous system. The retina is an easily accessible part of the central nervous system and therefore much has been learned about the function of microglia from studies in the retina and visual system. Anatomically, microglia have processes that contact all synapses within the retina, as well as blood vessels in the major vascular plexuses. Microglia contribute to development of the visual system by contributing to neurogenesis, maturation of cone photoreceptors, as well as refining synaptic contacts. They can respond to neural signals and in turn release a range of cytokines and neurotrophic factors that have downstream consequences on neural function. Moreover, in light of their extensive contact with blood vessels, they are also essential for regulation of vascular development and integrity. This review article summarizes what we have learned about the role of microglia in maintaining the normal visual system and how this has helped in understanding their role in the central nervous system more broadly.

scholarly journals Chill coma in the locust, Locusta migratoria, is initiated by spreading depolarization in the central nervous system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Meldrum Robertson ◽  
Kristin E. Spong ◽  
Phinyaphat Srithiphaphirom
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Spreading Depolarization ◽  
Chill Coma ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe ability of chill-sensitive insects to function at low temperatures limits their geographic ranges. They have species-specific temperatures below which movements become uncoordinated prior to entering a reversible state of neuromuscular paralysis. In spite of decades of research, which in recent years has focused on muscle function, the role of neural mechanisms in detemining chill coma is unknown. Spreading depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon that causes a shutdown of neural function in the integrating centres of the central nervous system. We investigated the role of SD in the process of entering chill coma in the locust, Locusta migratoria. We used thermolimit respirometry and electromyography in whole animals and extracellular and intracellular recording techniques in semi-intact preparations to characterize neural events during chilling. We show that chill-induced SD in the central nervous system is the mechanism underlying the critical thermal minimum for coordinated movement in locusts. This finding will be important for understanding how insects adapt and acclimate to changing environmental temperatures.

scholarly journals Functional role of a glycolipid in directional movements of neurons

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSALIA MENDEZ-OTERO ◽  
MARCELO F. SANTIAGO
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Extracellular Signaling ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Migratory Process

Migration of neurons from their site of origin to their final destination is a critical and universal step in the formation of the complex structure of the nervous system. The migratory process is thought to be governed in part by genetically and epigenetically defined sequences of signals which are interpreted by migrating cells. The molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal migration have been the subject of intense investigation. As in other developmental processes, many molecules must participate in neuronal migration. Some molecules, such as cell adhesion molecules and motor proteins, may contribute to discrete steps in the migration act; others, like extracellular signaling molecules, may regulate the activation and/or termination of the migration program. In this article we review findings from our group that demonstrate the functional role(s) of a specific glycolipid in neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth in the developing and adult nervous system.

The role of the sympathetic and sensory nervous system in peritoneal endometriotic lesions

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Arnold ◽  
ML Barcena de Arellano ◽  
C Rüster ◽  
A Schneider ◽  
S Mechsner
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Nervous System

Thyroid hormone-catecholamine interrelationships during exposure to cold

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Storm ◽  
C. van Hardeveld ◽  
A. A. H. Kassenaar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Abstract. Basal plasma levels for adrenalin (A), noradrenalin (NA), l-triiodothyronine (T3), and l-thyroxine (T4) were determined in rats with a chronically inserted catheter. The experiments described in this report were started 3 days after the surgical procedure when T3 and T4 levels had returned to normal. Basal levels for the catecholamines were reached already 4 h after the operation. The T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 3, 7, and 14 days in rats kept at 4°C and the same holds for the iodide in the 24-h urine after 7 and 14 days at 4°C. The venous NA plasma concentration was increased 6- to 12-fold during the same period of exposure to cold, whereas the A concentration remained at the basal level. During infusion of NA at 23°C the T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 7 days compared to pair-fed controls, and the same holds for the iodide excretion in the 24-h urine. This paper presents further evidence for a role of the sympathetic nervous system on T4 metabolism in rats at resting conditions.

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