scholarly journals The Role of Sex Hormones in Multiple Sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirla Avila ◽  
Arpana Bansal ◽  
John Culberson ◽  
Alan N. Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelination disorder with an immune-mediated pathophysiology that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Like other autoimmune conditions, it has a predilection for female gender. This suggests a gender bias and a possible hormonal association. Inflammation and demyelination are hallmarks of MS. Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the CNS and these continue to be generated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). The process of remyelination represents a major form of plasticity in the developing adult CNS. Remyelination does occur in MS, but the process is largely inadequate and/or incomplete. Current treatment strategies primarily focus on reducing inflammation or immunosuppression, but there is a need for more extensive research on re-myelination as a possible mechanism of treatment. Previous studies have shown that pregnancy leads to an increase in OPC proliferation, oligodendrocyte generation and the number of myelinated axons in the maternal CNS. Studies have also suggested that this remyelination is possibly mediated by estriol. Sex hormones in particular have been shown to have an immuno-protective effect in TH1-driven autoimmunity diseases. The aim of our article is to review the available research on sex hormone-specific immune modulatory effects, assess its remyelination potential in MS, and suggest a future path for more extensive research on sex hormone as a target for therapeutics in MS.

scholarly journals GDP-l-fucose synthase is a CD4+ T cell–specific autoantigen in DRB3*02:02 patients with multiple sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (462) ◽  
pp. eaat4301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Planas ◽  
Radleigh Santos ◽  
Paula Tomas-Ojer ◽  
Carolina Cruciani ◽  
Andreas Lutterotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Clone ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Guanosine Diphosphate ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
T Cell Clone ◽  
Positional Scanning ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that develops in genetically susceptible individuals and likely requires environmental triggers. The autoantigens and molecular mimics triggering the autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis remain incompletely understood. By using a brain-infiltrating CD4+ T cell clone that is clonally expanded in multiple sclerosis brain lesions and a systematic approach for the identification of its target antigens, positional scanning peptide libraries in combination with biometrical analysis, we have identified guanosine diphosphate (GDP)–l-fucose synthase as an autoantigen that is recognized by cerebrospinal fluid–infiltrating CD4+ T cells from HLA-DRB3*–positive patients. Significant associations were found between reactivity to GDP-l-fucose synthase peptides and DRB3*02:02 expression, along with reactivity against an immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide. These results, coupled with the cross-recognition of homologous peptides from gut microbiota, suggest a possible role of this antigen as an inducer or driver of pathogenic autoimmune responses in multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals Traditional Uses of Cannabinoids and New Perspectives in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Medicines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Gado ◽  
Maria Digiacomo ◽  
Marco Macchia ◽  
Simone Bertini ◽  
Clementina Manera
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Demyelinating Disorder ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Recent findings highlight the emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in the control of symptoms and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic, immune-mediated, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with no cure so far. It is widely reported in the literature that cannabinoids might be used to control MS symptoms and that they also might exert neuroprotective effects and slow down disease progression. This review aims to give an overview of the principal cannabinoids (synthetic and endogenous) used for the symptomatic amelioration of MS and their beneficial outcomes, providing new potentially possible perspectives for the treatment of this disease.

scholarly journals Migraine Headache associated with Multiple Sclerosis: Results from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Boyd Koffman
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Nationwide Inpatient Sample ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Control Group ◽  
System A ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Gender

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that targets and injures myelin and axons in the central nervous system. A high prevalence of migraine headache has been reported among MS patients. In this study, we investigated variables affecting migraine headache occurrence in MS patients.Methods: The Health Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data was utilized. MS hospitalizations (“cases”) were identified by ICD-9-CM code 340. Non-MS Hospitalizations were matched to cases 1:1 by age and gender.  Results: We identified 18955 MS patients between 2010 and 2013. The prevalence of migraine among MS patients (7%) was significantly higher than the control group (2.8%). Unspecified Migraine constituted the highest percentages of migraine subtype in both groups. All subtypes of headache, except migraine without aura, were significantly higher among MS patients compared to the control group. Among MS patients, younger age, white race, female gender, depression, and obesity were significant predictors of migraine.   Conclusions: Our study provides prevalence data for different subtypes of headache and confirms depression and obesity as risk factors for migraine.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Adamczyk ◽  
Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an inflammatory process and demyelination. The etiology of the disease is still not fully understood. Therefore, finding new etiological factors is of such crucial importance. It is suspected that the development of MS may be affected by oxidative stress (OS). In the acute phase OS initiates inflammatory processes and in the chronic phase it sustains neurodegeneration. Redox processes in MS are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of axonal bioenergetics, iron accumulation in the brain, impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance, and OS memory. The present paper is a review of the current literature about the role of OS in MS and it focuses on all major aspects. The article explains the mechanisms of OS, reports unique biomarkers with regard to their clinical significance, and presents a poorly understood relationship between OS and neurodegeneration. It also provides novel methods of treatment, including the use of antioxidants and the role of antioxidants in neuroprotection. Furthermore, adding new drugs in the treatment of relapse may be useful. The article considers the significance of OS in the current treatment of MS patients.

scholarly journals Role of the Immunogenic and Tolerogenic Subsets of Dendritic Cells in Multiple Sclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Xiang Xie ◽  
Hong-Liang Zhang ◽  
Xiu-Juan Wu ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Di-Hui Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Medicinal Drugs

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder in the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination as well as axonal and neuronal degeneration. So far effective therapies to reverse the disease are still lacking; most therapeutic drugs can only ameliorate the symptoms or reduce the frequency of relapse. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are key players in both mediating immune responses and inducing immune tolerance. Increasing evidence indicates that DCs contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and might provide an avenue for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize the immunogenic and tolerogenic roles of DCs in MS and review medicinal drugs that may affect functions of DCs and have been applied in clinic for MS treatment. We also describe potential therapeutic molecules that can target DCs by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines in MS.

scholarly journals Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4620
Author(s):  
Holly J. Woodward ◽  
Dongxing Zhu ◽  
Patrick W. F. Hadoke ◽  
Victoria E. MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Primary Male

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Trace Elements (Al, Cu, Zn, and Se) in Multiple Sclerosis Physiopathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-177
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sadegh Hesamian ◽  
Nahid Eskandari
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Peripheral Tolerance ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Tolerance Breakdown ◽  
Peripheral Immune Cells

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable disease of the central nervous system. The cause of MS is not known completely, and pathology is specified by involved demyelinated areas in the white and gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. Inflammation and peripheral tolerance breakdown due to Treg cell defects and/or effector cell resistance are present at all stages of the disease. Several invading peripheral immune cells are included in the process of the disease such as macrophages, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells, and plasma cells. Trace elements are known as elements found in soil, plants, and living organisms in small quantities. Some of them (e.g., Al, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se) are essential for the body’s functions like catalysts in enzyme systems, energy metabolism, etc. Al toxicity and Cu, Zn, and Se toxicity and deficiency can affect the immune system and following neuron inflammation and degeneration. These processes may result in MS pathology. Of course, factors such as lifestyle, environment, and industrialization can affect levels of trace elements in the human body.

Current Treatment Strategies for Multiple Sclerosis - Efficacy Versus Neurological Adverse Effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Weber ◽  
Til Menge ◽  
Klaus Lehmann-Horn ◽  
Helena C. Kronsbein ◽  
Uwe Zettl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment

scholarly journals Metabolomic Signature in Sera of Multiple Sclerosis Patients during Pregnancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Rossi ◽  
Ilaria Cicalini ◽  
Mirco Zucchelli ◽  
Maria di Ioia ◽  
Marco Onofrj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Multiple sclerosis (MuS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and degradation of the myelin sheath. Epidemiological studies have shown that the female gender is more susceptible than the male gender to MuS development, with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1. Despite this high onset, women have a better prognosis than men, and the frequency of the relapsing phase decreases during pregnancy, while it increases soon after birth. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy and whether they correlate with metabolic signatures. To gain a deeper inside into the biochemical mechanism of such a multifactorial disease, we adopted targeted metabolomics approaches for the determination of many serum metabolites in 12 pregnant women affected by MuS by mass spectrometry analysis. Our data show a characteristic hormonal fluctuation for estrogens and progesterone, as expected. They also highlight other interesting hormonal alterations for cortisol, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Furthermore, a negative correlation with progesterone levels was observed for amino acids and for acylcarnitines, while an imbalance of different sphingolipids pathways was found during pregnancy. In conclusion, these data are in agreement with the characteristic clinical signs of MuS patients during pregnancy and, if confirmed, they may add an important tessera in the complex mosaic of maternal neuroprotection.

scholarly journals Role of Sex Hormones at Different Physiobiological Conditions and Therapeutic Potential in MBD2 Mediated Severe Asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Binaya Wasti ◽  
Zhifeng Chen ◽  
Yi Ke ◽  
Wen Tao Duan ◽  
Shao-Kun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Term Survival

Sex hormone has become a “hot topic” to evaluate the hormonal therapeutic potential in severe asthma. Th17 cell is one of the main influencing factors involved in the pathogenesis of severe asthma, hence also called as kernel of severe asthma, and Th17 subtype of non-T2 asthma is less responsive (resistance) to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), so severe in nature. Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) is overexpressed and regulates the Th17 differentiation, showing the possibility of therapeutic target in treating Th17 mediated severe asthma. Sex hormone fluctuates at the different physiobiological conditions of the human body and affects the asthma pathobiology showing its role in asthma prevalence, severity, remission, and therapy. This review briefly overviews the sex hormones, their influence in asthma at the different physiobiological conditions of human body, and MBD2 severe asthma connection with the possible therapeutic potential of sex steroids in MBD2 mediated Th17 predominant severe asthma. Male sex hormone tends to show a beneficial effect and possibly downregulates the expression of Th17 cells via regulating MBD2 through a mechanism distinct from corticosteroid treatment and guides us towards discovery of new therapeutic agent, reduces the asthma-related complications, and promotes long-term survival by lowering the risk of therapy-resistant issues of old age severe asthma.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document