scholarly journals Midlife Stress in Relation to Late-Life Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 90-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Johansson ◽  
Silke Kern ◽  
Henrik Zetterberg ◽  
Kaj Blennow ◽  
Anne Börjesson-Hansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers ◽  
T Tau

Background/Aims: Psychological stress has previously been associated with higher risk of developing late-life dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study tested whether longstanding midlife stress is related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of late-life AD, such as tau protein and amyloid beta (Aβ). Methods: The study included 79 nondemented females from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden, who responded to a standardized stress question at baseline (mean age 49 years) and underwent a lumbar puncture at follow-up 25 years later. Multiple linear regression models analyzed the relationships between midlife psychological stress and late-life CSF measures of total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), Aβ40, and Aβ42. Results: Longstanding stress in midlife was associated with higher levels of CSF t-tau (β = 0.64, p = 0.01) and Aβ40 (β = 0.60, p = 0.02) in late life. No associations were found between midlife stress and levels of p-tau or Aβ42. Conclusion: The findings suggest that longstanding stress stimulates unspecific neurodegenerative processes, but not the core processes of AD, at least not in the early phase of the disease. The association with higher concentration of CSF t-tau may reflect neural degeneration and the association with higher Aβ40 may be an early sign of Aβ overproduction or cerebrovascular processes in the brain.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Imran Sarker ◽  
Md Rezaul Karim Khan ◽  
Anisul Haque ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Senile Plaques ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers ◽  
T Tau

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among elderly people. The major pathological hallmarks of AD are the loss of neurons, occurrence of extracellular senile plaques as well as intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Biochemical changes in the brain are reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and intense research efforts have been made to develop biomarkers for the central pathogenic processes in AD that can be used as diagnostic tools. Biomarkers are essential part of disease management as they are essential for diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression, detecting early onset of the disease, monitoring the effect of therapeutic intervention, and also avoiding false diagnosis of the disease. Unfortunately, none of the biomarkers presently available are able to accomplish the disease diagnosis single-handedly. Three CSF biomarkers, Aâ42, Total-tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), have been found to have the highest diagnostic potential. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2015; Vol. 31 (1): 34-41

scholarly journals Brevican and Neurocan Peptides as Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Differentiation Between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Karolina Minta ◽  
Gunnar Brinkmalm ◽  
Erik Portelius ◽  
Per Johansson ◽  
Johan Svensson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers

Background: Brevican and neurocan are central nervous system-specific extracellular matrix proteoglycans. They are degraded by extracellular enzymes, such as metalloproteinases. However, their degradation profile is largely unexplored in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Objective: The study aim was to quantify proteolytic peptides derived from brevican and neurocan in human CSF of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) compared with controls. Methods: The first cohort consisted of 75 individuals including 25 patients with AD, 7 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosed with AD upon follow-up, 10 patients with VaD or MCI diagnosed with VaD upon follow-up, and 33 healthy controls and cognitively stable MCI patients. In the second cohort, 31 individuals were included (5 AD patients, 14 VaD patients and 12 healthy controls). Twenty proteolytic peptides derived from brevican (n = 9) and neurocan (n = 11) were quantified using high-resolution parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Results: In the first cohort, the majority of CSF concentrations of brevican and neurocan peptides were significantly decreased inVaDas compared withADpatients (AUC = 0.83.0.93, p≤0.05) and as compared with the control group (AUC = 0.79.0.87, p ≤ 0.05). In the second cohort, CSF concentrations of two brevican peptides (B87, B156) were significantly decreased in VaD compared with AD (AUC = 0.86.0.91, p ≤ 0.05) and to controls (AUC = 0.80.0.82, p ≤ 0.05), while other brevican and neurocan peptides showed a clear trend to be decreased in VaD compared with AD (AUC = 0.64.80, p > 0.05). No peptides differed between AD and controls. Conclusion: Brevican and neurocan peptides are potential diagnostic biomarkers for VaD, with ability to separate VaD from AD.

scholarly journals 0057 Actigraphy-Based Circadian Measures and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease with Mild Cognitive Impairment

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A23-A23
Author(s):  
R Mehra ◽  
R Bhambra ◽  
J Bena ◽  
L Bekris ◽  
J Leverenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
T Tau ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Introduction Although recent data implicates sleep and circadian disruption to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the association of objective circadian biomarkers and neurodegeneration remains understudied. We hypothesize that actigraphy-based circadian measures are associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of neurodegeneration in those mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD). Methods Eighteen patients with CSF biomarker-confirmed MCI-AD underwent actigraphy monitoring generating the following circadian measures: amplitude, F-ratio and mesor and morning collection of CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration (Aβ42,t-tau,p-tau). Linear models were used to evaluate the association of circadian and CSF measures; logarithmic transformations were performed on neurodegenerative markers for greater normality. Analysis was performed using SAS software. A significance level of 0.05 was assumed for all tests. Results Eighteen MCI-AD patients who were 68± 6.2 years, 44% female, with median AHI=12 and underwent actigraphy monitoring for 8.2+/-3.2 days were included. There was no significant association of circadian measures and Aβ42 nor with mesor and neurodegeneration biomarkers. Amplitude was associated with both p-tau and t-tau, such that each 10 unit increase in amplitude resulted in a predicted increase in p-tau of 8% (95% CI:1%-15%, p=0.018) and an increase of 13% (3%-23%; p=0.01) in t-tau. F-ratio was positively associated with p-tau and t-tau; each 1000 unit increase in F-ratio resulted in a predicted 12% (4%-22%; p=0.007) increase in P-tau and 20%(6%-35%; p=0.005) increase in t-tau. Associations of these circadian measures and CSF levels of p-tau and t-tau remained statistically significant after adjustment for age and sex. Conclusion Among patients with symptomatic MCI stages of AD, objective measures of circadian rhythm disruption are associated with CSF-based biomarkers of neurodegeneration even after consideration of age and sex. Future investigation should clarify directionality of this association and potential utility of circadian-based interventions in the mitigation of AD progression. Support N/A

scholarly journals Integrated proteomics reveals brain-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in asymptomatic and symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (43) ◽  
pp. eaaz9360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenora Higginbotham ◽  
Lingyan Ping ◽  
Eric B. Dammer ◽  
Duc M. Duong ◽  
Maotian Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers ◽  
Brain Proteome ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) lacks protein biomarkers reflective of its diverse underlying pathophysiology, hindering diagnostic and therapeutic advancements. Here, we used integrative proteomics to identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers representing a wide spectrum of AD pathophysiology. Multiplex mass spectrometry identified ~3500 and ~12,000 proteins in AD CSF and brain, respectively. Network analysis of the brain proteome resolved 44 biologically diverse modules, 15 of which overlapped with the CSF proteome. CSF AD markers in these overlapping modules were collapsed into five protein panels representing distinct pathophysiological processes. Synaptic and metabolic panels were decreased in AD brain but increased in CSF, while glial-enriched myelination and immunity panels were increased in brain and CSF. The consistency and disease specificity of panel changes were confirmed in >500 additional CSF samples. These panels also identified biological subpopulations within asymptomatic AD. Overall, these results are a promising step toward a network-based biomarker tool for AD clinical applications.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid profiles with increasing number of cerebral microbleeds in a continuum of cognitive impairment

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Shams ◽  
Tobias Granberg ◽  
Juha Martola ◽  
Xiaozhen Li ◽  
Mana Shams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Cerebral Microbleeds ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
T Tau

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are hypothesised to have an important yet unknown role in the dementia disease pathology. In this study we analysed increasing number of CMBs and their independent associations with routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in a continuum of cognitive impairment. A total of 1039 patients undergoing dementia investigation were analysed and underwent lumbar puncture, and an MRI scan. CSF samples were analysed for amyloid β (Aβ) 42, total tau (T-tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 18 (P-tau) and CSF/serum albumin ratios. Increasing number of CMBs were independently associated with low Aβ42 levels, in the whole cohort, Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment ( p < 0.05). CSF/serum albumin ratios were high with multiple CMBs ( p < 0.001), reflecting accompanying blood–brain barrier dysfunction. T-tau and P-tau levels were lower in Alzheimer’s patients with multiple CMBs when compared to zero CMBs, but did not change in the rest of the cohort. White matter hyperintensities were associated with low Aβ42 in the whole cohort and Alzheimer’s disease ( p < 0.05). Aβ42 is the routine CSF-biomarker mainly associated with CMBs in cognitive impairment, and there is an accumulative effect with increasing number of CMBs.

Unravelling the Association Between Amyloid-PET and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in the Alzheimer’s Disease Spectrum: Who Really Deserves an A+?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Luca Sacchi ◽  
Tiziana Carandini ◽  
Giorgio Giulio Fumagalli ◽  
Anna Margherita Pietroboni ◽  
Valeria Elisa Contarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Standardized Uptake Value ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Amyloid Pet ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Csf Analysis ◽  
Disease Spectrum

Background: Association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-amyloid-β (Aβ)42 and amyloid-PET measures is inconstant across the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) spectrum. However, they are considered interchangeable, along with Aβ 42/40 ratio, for defining ‘Alzheimer’s Disease pathologic change’ (A+). Objective: Herein, we further characterized the association between amyloid-PET and CSF biomarkers and tested their agreement in a cohort of AD spectrum patients. Methods: We include ed 23 patients who underwent amyloid-PET, MRI, and CSF analysis showing reduced levels of Aβ 42 within a 365-days interval. Thresholds used for dichotomization were: Aβ 42 <  640 pg/mL (Aβ 42+); pTau >  61 pg/mL (pTau+); and Aβ 42/40 <  0.069 (ADratio+). Amyloid-PET scans were visually assessed and processed by four pipelines (SPMCL, SPMAAL, FSGM, FSWC). Results: Different pipelines gave highly inter-correlated standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) (rho = 0.93–0.99). The most significant findings were: pTau positive correlation with SPMCL SUVR (rho = 0.56, p = 0.0063) and Aβ 42/40 negative correlation with SPMCL and SPMAAL SUVRs (rho = –0.56, p = 0.0058; rho = –0.52, p = 0.0117 respectively). No correlations between CSF-Aβ 42 and global SUVRs were observed. In subregion analysis, both pTau and Aβ 42/40 values significantly correlated with cingulate SUVRs from any pipeline (R2 = 0.55–0.59, p <  0.0083), with the strongest associations observed for the posterior/isthmus cingulate areas. However, only associations observed for Aβ 42/40 ratio were still significant in linear regression models. Moreover, combining pTau with Aβ 42 or using Aβ 42/40, instead of Aβ 42 alone, increased concordance with amyloid-PET status from 74% to 91% based on visual reads and from 78% to 96% based on Centiloids. Conclusion: We confirmed that, in the AD spectrum, amyloid-PET measures show a stronger association and a better agreement with CSF-Aβ 42/40 and secondarily pTau rather than Aβ 42 levels.

scholarly journals Clinical validation of the Lumipulse G cerebrospinal fluid assays for routine diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria João Leitão ◽  
Anuschka Silva-Spínola ◽  
Isabel Santana ◽  
Veronica Olmedo ◽  
Alicia Nadal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Analytical Performance ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Parameter Method ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Amyloid Pet ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
T Tau

Abstract Background Ongoing efforts within the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) field have focused on improving the intra- and inter-laboratory variability for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Fully automated assays offer the possibility to eliminate sample manipulation steps and are expected to contribute to this improvement. Recently, fully automated chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassays for the quantification of all four AD biomarkers in CSF became available. The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate the analytical performance of the Lumipulse G β-Amyloid 1-42 (restandardized to Certified Reference Materials), β-Amyloid 1-40, total Tau, and pTau 181 assays on the fully automated LUMIPULSE G600II; (ii) compare CSF biomarker results of the Lumipulse G assays with the established manual ELISA assays (INNOTEST®) from the same company (Fujirebio); and (iii) establish cut-off values and the clinical performance of the Lumipulse G assays for AD diagnosis. Methods Intra- and inter-assay variation was assessed in CSF samples with low, medium, and high concentrations of each parameter. Method comparison and clinical evaluation were performed on 40 neurological controls (NC) and 80 patients with a diagnosis of probable AD supported by a follow-up ≥ 3 years and/or positive amyloid PET imaging. A small validation cohort of 10 NC and 20 AD patients was also included to validate the cut-off values obtained on the training cohort. Results The maximal observed intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) were 3.25% and 5.50%, respectively. Method comparisons revealed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.89 (for Aβ40) to 0.98 (for t-Tau), with those for Aβ42 (0.93) and p-Tau (0.94) in-between. ROC curve analysis showed area under the curve values consistently above 0.85 for individual biomarkers other than Aβ40, and with the Aβ42/40, Aβ42/t-Tau, and Aβ42/p-Tau ratios outperforming Aβ42. Validation of the cut-off values in the independent cohort showed a sensitivity ranging from 75 to 95% and a specificity of 100%. The overall percentage of agreement between Lumipulse and INNOTEST was very high (> 87.5%). Conclusions The Lumipulse G assays show a very good analytical performance that makes them well-suited for CSF clinical routine measurements. The good clinical concordance between the Lumipulse G and INNOTEST assays facilitates the implementation of the new method in routine practice.

Associations of Green Tea Consumption and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in Cognitively Intact Older Adults: The CABLE Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-421
Author(s):  
Ya-Hui Ma ◽  
Jia-Huan Wu ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Xue-Ning Shen ◽  
Hui-Fu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
And Gender ◽  
T Tau ◽  
Cognitively Intact

Background: Green tea has been widely recognized in ameliorating cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), especially the progression of cognitive dysfunction. But the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Objective: This study was designed to determine the role of green tea consumption in the association with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD pathology and to ascertain whether specific population backgrounds showed the differences toward these relationships. Methods: Multivariate linear models analyzed the available data on CSF biomarkers and frequency of green tea consumption of 722 cognitively intact participants from the Chinese Alzheimer’s Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) database, and we additionally detected the interaction effects of tea consumption with APOE ɛ4 status and gender using a two-way analysis of covariance. Results: Frequent green tea consumption was associated with a decreased level of CSF total-tau protein (t-tau) (p = 0.041) but not with the levels of CSF amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) and CSF phosphorylated tau. The more pronounced associations of green tea consumption with CSF t-tau (p = 0.007) and CSF t-tau/Aβ42 (p = 0.039) were observed in individuals aged 65 years or younger. Additionally, males with frequent green tea consumption had a significantly low level of CSF t-tau/Aβ42 and a modest trend toward decreased CSF t-tau. There were no interaction effects of green tea consumption with APOE ɛ4 and gender. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings consolidated the favorable effects of green tea on the mitigation of AD risk. The constituents of green tea may improve abnormal tau metabolism and are promising targets in interventions and drug therapies.

Relationship Between General Cognition, Visual Assessed Cortical Atrophy, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Chinese PUMCH Cohort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chenhui Mao ◽  
Longze Sha ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Xinying Huang ◽  
Shanshan Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Mmse Score ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
T Tau

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are widely accepted as manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis and incorporated into biological definition of AD. However, the correlations between CSF and other biomarkers such as neuroimaging and neuropsychiatric evaluation are complicated and inconsistent. Objective: We aimed to better interpreting CSF biomarkers results accompanying with other indexes in improving accurate diagnosis of AD. Methods: 112 AD patients and 30 cognitive normal controls were selected. Commercial accessible ELISA kits were introduced for measurement of CSF t-tau, p-tau181, Aβ 1–42, and NfL based on standard protocol. MRI examinations were performed using a 3-T MRI scanner and visual rating scales including medial temporal atrophy score and Koedam’s scale were used to evaluate medial temporal atrophy and posterior region atrophy. Results: CSF biomarkers’ profile including decreased concentration of Aβ 1–42, increased concentration of t-tau, p-tau181, t-tau/Aβ 1–42, and NfL were diagnostic between AD and control. CSF biomarkers profile was not influenced by the APOE genotype. Increased concentration of t-tau and NfL, as well as ratio of t-tau/Aβ 1–42 were related to decrease of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score while concentration of Aβ 1–42 not. Visual assessed cortical atrophy was related to MMSE score, but most of the CSF biomarkers were not related to atrophy, except that increased concentration of p-tau181 was significantly associated with atrophy of posterior cortical region. Conclusion: Our results supported CSF biomarkers were helpful in diagnosis of AD. However, CSF biomarkers were cross-sectional reflection of pathogenesis, which did not correlate well with clinical progression. CSF biomarkers should be interpreted in combination with MRI and cognitive evaluation in clinical use.

scholarly journals Shared Genetic Background Between Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Soyeon Kim ◽  
Kiwon Kim ◽  
Kwangsik Nho ◽  
Woojae Myung ◽  
Hong-Hee Won
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
T Tau ◽  
Load Risk ◽  
Shared Genetic

Background: Whether the epidemiological association of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathology in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is causal remains unclear. Objective: We aimed to investigate the shared genetic background between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Aβ and tau pathology and the risk of LOAD. Methods: We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We used summary statistics of genome-wide association studies for CSF biomarkers (Aβ 1–42 [Aβ], phosphorylated tau181 [p-tau], and total tau [t-tau]) in 3,146 individuals and for LOAD in 21,982 cases and 41,944 controls. We tested the association between changes in the genetically predicted CSF biomarkers and LOAD risk. Results: We found a decrease in LOAD risk per one-standard-deviation (SD) increase in the genetically predicted CSF Aβ (odds ratio [OR], 2.87×10–3 for AD; 95%confidence interval [CI], 1.54×10–4 –0.05; p = 8.91×10–5). Conversely, we observed an increase in LOAD risk per one-SD increase in the genetically predicted CSF p-tau (OR, 19.46; 95%CI, 1.50–2.52×102; p = 0.02) and t-tau (OR, 33.80; 95%CI, 1.57–7.29×102; p = 0.02). However, only the association between p-tau and the risk for LOAD remained significant after the exclusion of the APOE variant (rs769449). Conclusion: We found the causal association between CSF biomarkers and the risk for LOAD. Our results suggest that the etiology of LOAD involves multiple biological processes, including the pathways of Aβ and tau proteins. Further MR studies using large-scale data of multiple candidate biomarkers are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of LOAD.

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