scholarly journals Appetite-Related Eating Behaviours: An Overview of Assessment Methods, Determinants and Effects on Children’s Weight

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Freitas ◽  
Gabriela Albuquerque ◽  
Cláudia Silva ◽  
Andreia Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Appetite Regulation ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Mere Presence

Identifying the underlying child-eating behaviours that contribute to weight differences across growth has been a constant challenge. This report reviews the various literature approaches for assessing appetite regulation. In doing so, it attempts to understand how appetite control develops and determines the eating habits in early childhood, and its effects on children’s weight status. The interaction between homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms largely explains the appetite regulation process. Homeostatic mechanisms are mediated by the biological need to maintain the body’s energy reserves, increasing the motivation to eat. On the contrary, the hedonic mechanisms are mediated by food reward, increasing the craving for high-palatable foods and triggering the release of dopamine and serotonin. There are many biological methods (plasma measurements of hormones, like leptin, ghrelin and insulin) and behavioural evaluation methods of appetite. The Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire is most commonly used, due to its adequate psychometric properties tested in several population settings. The development of eating behaviours begins in utero, and several determinants may contribute to a decrease in the ability to self-regulate dietary intake. Examples include genetic predisposition, the first taste experiences and the family environment, a key determinant in this process. Several eating behaviours contribute most to childhood obesity. Among them, are the external eating (eating by external stimuli, such as the mere presence of the food or its smell), food restriction (which may potentiate the uninhibited increased intake of the restricted foods) and emotional eating (intake due to emotional variations, especially negative feelings). These eating behaviours have been linked to childhood obesity.

scholarly journals Predictors of binge eating: relevance of BMI, emotional eating and sensivity to environmental food cues

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maša Černelič-Bizjak ◽  
Raquel P.F. Guiné
Keyword(s):  
Binge Eating ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Content Type ◽  
External Eating ◽  
Eating Styles

Purpose Understanding humans’ food intake practices is helpful in reducing health problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between eating behaviours and binge eating and to examine the influence of sex and weight status on these relationships. Design/methodology/approach A total of seventy-eight participants (39 with overweight; mean age: 38.1 ± 6.3 years; body mass index [BMI]: 25 ± 5.7 kg/m2) underwent measurements of binge eating, eating styles and body compositions. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to predict binge eating as a function of eating styles and demographic variables. Findings Women presented higher levels of binge eating symptomatology and emotional eating than men. The analysis showed that age and gender did not emerge as important predictors of binge eating. In contrast, emotional and external eating and BMI were found to be important predictors of binge eating. The results indicate that higher emotional and external eating behaviour with higher BMI are important risk factors for binge eating in a non-clinical sample. Originality/value In this study, BMI was used as a causal factor rather than a consequence of deregulation of eating behaviour. An individual’s tendency to binge eat may be determined by BMI, emotional eating and sensitivity to environmental food stimuli. Understanding sex differences and causal relationships between eating behaviours is critical for the prevention and treatment of obesity and related health problems and for proper dietary management.

scholarly journals Young adult nutrition and weight correlates of picky eating during childhood

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H Pesch ◽  
Katherine W Bauer ◽  
Mary J Christoph ◽  
Nicole Larson ◽  
Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Picky Eating

AbstractObjective:To identify whether picky eating during childhood is associated with dietary intake, weight status and disordered eating behaviour during young adulthood.Design:A population-based study using data from young adults who responded online or by mail to the third wave of the Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) study in 2008–2009. Participants retrospectively reported the extent to which they were a picky eater in childhood, sociodemographic characteristics, disordered eating behaviours, usual dietary intake, and weight and height.Setting:Participants were initially recruited in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, USA, in 1998–1999.Participants:The analytic sample included 2275 young adults (55 % female, 48 % non-Hispanic White, mean age 25·3 (sd 1·6) years).Results:Young adults who reported picky eating in childhood were found to currently have lower intakes of fruit, vegetables and whole grains, and more frequent intakes of snack foods, sugar-sweetened beverages and foods from fast-food restaurants. No associations were observed between picky eating in childhood and young adults’ weight status, use of weight-control strategies or report of binge eating.Conclusions:While young adults who report picky eating during childhood are not at higher risk for disordered eating, those who were picky eaters tend to have less healthy dietary intake. Food preferences and dietary habits established by picky eaters during childhood may persist into adulthood.

scholarly journals Maternal depression, stress and feeding styles: towards a framework for theory and research in child obesity

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (S1) ◽  
pp. S55-S71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana F. El-Behadli ◽  
Carla Sharp ◽  
Sheryl O. Hughes ◽  
Ezemenari M. Obasi ◽  
Theresa A. Nicklas
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Care Model ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Emotional Climate ◽  
Feeding Styles

Against the background of rising rates of obesity in children and adults in the USA, and modest effect sizes for obesity interventions, the aim of the present narrative review paper is to extend the UNICEF care model to focus on childhood obesity and its associated risks with an emphasis on the emotional climate of the parent–child relationship within the family. Specifically, we extended the UNICEF model by applying the systems approach to childhood obesity and by combining previously unintegrated sets of literature across multiple disciplines including developmental psychology, clinical psychology and nutrition. Specifically, we modified the extended care model by explicitly integrating new linkages (i.e. parental feeding styles, stress, depression and mother's own eating behaviour) that have been found to be associated with the development of children's eating behaviours and risk of childhood obesity. These new linkages are based on studies that were not incorporated into the original UNICEF model, but suggest important implications for childhood obesity. In all, this narrative review offers important advancements to the scientific understanding of familial influences on children's eating behaviours and childhood obesity.

scholarly journals Eating habits and appetite control: a psychobiological perspective

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Eating Pattern ◽  
Disordered Eating Patterns

An individual's eating behaviour is shaped by factors ranging from economic conditions and cultural practices to biological influences. The physiological system controlling appetite appears to be adapted to solving the problem of an unevenness of food supply across time, and is fairly permissive in its response to undereating and overeating. Consequently, when food is abundant, the diet is energy dense and energy expenditure is low, there is a strong tendency to become obese (i.e. obesity is better viewed as due to a ‘toxic’ environment than to faulty physiological control of appetite). Under such conditions the most common method of avoiding obesity is through the cognitive control of eating. However, dietary restraint and dieting are demanding tasks, and are associated with psychological costs, including significant impairment of cognitive performance. Restraint is also prone to disinhibition, with the result that it can sometimes undermine eating control, even leading to the development of highly disordered eating patterns. In part, these difficulties are due to the self-perpetuating nature of dietary habits: for example, hunger tends to be diminished during strict unbroken dieting, but increased in individuals having a highly variable eating pattern (such as occurs when eating is frequently disinhibited). These features of appetite control provide both barriers and opportunities for changing behaviour. Accordingly, there is a need for future research to focus on the psycho-social factors and the dieting practices predicting successful eating and weight control, with the objective of identifying the actual cognitive and behavioural strategies used by the many dieters and restrained eaters who are able to achieve weight loss and maintain long-term weight stability.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the association between emotions and eating behaviour in normal and overweight adult populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey J Devonport ◽  
Wendy Nicholls ◽  
Christopher Fullerton
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Overweight Adult ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Meta Analyses

A systematic review was completed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search of four electronic databases (2004–2015) yielded 60,017 articles, of which 29 met inclusion criteria. Included studies performed poorly on data quality analysis in terms of randomisation and controlling for confounding factors. Participant’s body mass index scores range from 19.73 (standard deviation = 1.54) to 28.4 (standard deviation = 1.4) kg/m2. Where positive and negative affects were compared, food was more likely to be consumed in response to positive affect. With regard to discrete emotions; stress, depression and sadness consistently elicited eating behaviours that fall outside of nutritional recommendations (e.g. increased food intake or poor nutritional food choices). The role of moderators including individual differences in dietary restraint and emotional eating, as well as methodological considerations, such as means of eliciting and measuring emotions, may account for equivocality with regard to some emotion and eating associations. This article concludes with recommendations for future research and implications for practice.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding and maternal eating behaviours are associated with child eating behaviours: findings from the ROLO Kids Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara A. Yelverton ◽  
Aisling A. Geraghty ◽  
Eileen C. O’Brien ◽  
Sarah Louise Killeen ◽  
Mary K. Horan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Child Eating ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Abstract Background Child eating behaviours can negatively contribute to the development of childhood obesity. This study investigated associations between breastfeeding habits, maternal eating behaviours and child eating behaviours, in 5-year-old children. Methods Secundigravida women were recruited to the ROLO dietary randomised controlled trial (Dublin, Ireland) and were followed up with their children to 5 years of age. Breastfeeding exposure and duration were obtained at postnatal and infant follow-up at 2 and 6 months and 2 and 5 years. At 5 years, maternal and child eating behaviours were measured using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, respectively. Regression determined associations between breastfeeding habits and maternal eating behaviours with child eating behaviours, controlling for RCT group, maternal education level, maternal BMI at 5 years, childcare exposure and child BMI centile at 5-year follow-up. Results There were 230 mother and child pairs analysed. One hundred and fifty-eight mothers had initiated breastfeeding. Median breastfeeding duration was 22 (IQR 33) weeks. Children who were never breastfed were more likely to express a desire to drink (B = −1.01, p = 0.022). Longer breastfeeding duration was associated with lower food responsiveness (B = −1.71, p = 0.003). Maternal uncontrolled eating was positively associated with child food responsiveness, emotional overeating and emotional undereating (B = 0.21, p < 0.001; B = 0.14, p = 0.005; B = 0.14, p = 0.005, respectively). Maternal emotional eating was associated with child emotional overeating and undereating (B = 0.27, p < 0.001, B = 0.29, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusion Not breastfeeding and short breastfeeding duration may contribute to the development of obesogenic eating behaviours in children, alongside maternal eating behaviours including uncontrolled and emotional eating. These ‘food approach’ eating behaviours may increase risk of overweight/obesity as they are associated with increased energy intake, hence the importance of research surrounding eating behaviours.

scholarly journals Stress, Emotional Eating and Food Choices Among University Students During the Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 335-346
Author(s):  
Shi-Hui Cheng ◽  
Shi Ern Wong
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Management Interventions

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on stress and eating behaviours. This study aims to determine the relationship between stress, emotional eating, and food choices among university students during the Covid-19. A total of 273 university students participated in this cross-sectional study. Online self-administered questionnaires were used to determine the stress intensity, emotional eating, and eating behaviours. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Almost half (49.8%) of the participants experienced high stress. In males, the high-stress group consumed sweets or sugars more frequently than the low-stress group (p<0.05). In females, the high-stress group consumed more sweets or sugar and cakes or cookies but less milk products and fresh fruits than the low-stress group (p<0.05). Students with higher negative emotion scores consumed less cooked vegetables (r=-0.133; p<0.05) whereas students with higher positive emotion scores consumed more fast food (r=0.208; p<0.001), sweets or sugar (r=0.139; p<0.05) and cakes or cookies (r=0.139; p<0.05). Body Mass Index (BMI) was positively correlated with negative emotions (r=0.134; p<0.05), negative situations (r=0.161; p<0.01), and total negative Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) scores (r=0.168; p<0.01). In conclusion, Covid-19 brings negative impact on stress. University students shifted food preferences from healthy foods to palatable foods and this could result in adverse health outcomes. Therefore, stress management interventions and nutrition education should be implemented to reduce stress and overcome stress-induced eating behaviour among private university students during the Covid-19.

scholarly journals Eating behaviour and retro-nasal aroma release in normal-weight and overweight adults: a pilot study

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolien Zijlstra ◽  
Andrea Johanna Bukman ◽  
Monica Mars ◽  
Annette Stafleu ◽  
Rianne M. A. J. Ruijschop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Aroma Release ◽  
Bite Size ◽  
Significant Difference

Eating rate and bite size are important factors affecting food intake, and we hypothesise the underlying role of oral sensory exposure in this. However, the latter currently lacks objective measuring parameters, but an interesting measure could be the extent ofin vivoretro-nasal aroma release. Second, the literature is ambiguous about overweight subjects differing from normal-weight subjects in eating behaviour. Consequently, we investigated: (1) whether eating behaviour (food intake, eating rate, bite size, number of bites and meal duration) relates to weight status and (2) whether the extent of retro-nasal aroma release relates to eating behaviour and weight status. A matched group (sex, age and dietary restraint) of twenty-seven normal-weight (BMI 21·8 (sd1·6) kg/m2) and twenty-seven overweight/obese subjects (BMI 30·5 (sd5·8) kg/m2) consumed a spiced rice meal and apple pie yogurt on separate test days. The extent of retro-nasal aroma release was measured on a third test day. Mean bite size for spiced rice was significantly (P = 0·03) larger in overweight/obese (10·3 (sd3·2) g)v.normal-weight subjects (8·7 (sd2·1) g). There were no other significant differences in eating behaviour or retro-nasal aroma release between the groups. Eating behaviours were not correlated with BMI or retro-nasal aroma release. Subjects showed consistent eating behaviour for both test products. Eating behaviour might be a characteristic of an individual but not by definition a characteristic for a group of people based on their weight. Given the large sample sizes, necessary according toa posteriorisample size calculations, one needs to consider the relevance of finding a statistically significant difference in eating behaviour between the weight groups in a laboratory setting.

scholarly journals Preliminary findings on the relationship between gender, FTO rs9939609, leptin & ghrelin levels and eating behaviours of adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
DUYGU AĞAGÜNDÜZ ◽  
Makbule GEZMEN-KARADAĞ
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Fto Gene ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fto Rs9939609 ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mutations in the first intron of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene (rs9939609) have been reported to be associated with obesity and eating behaviour in children and adults in widespread populations. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between FTO gene polymorphism and eating behaviour in adults with different genders. Methods The present study included 200 participants (100 males,100 females) aged 18-65 years, who were genotyped for FTO gene (rs9939609) polymorphism. Eating behaviour were evaluated via revised 18-item of the three-factor eating questionnaire(TFEQ-R18). Serum leptin& ghrelin were analysed. ABI TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays (LightCycler 480 System, Roche) was used to determine the intronic FTO gene rs9939609 (T/A) SNPs. Results Total 68.4% of individuals with AA genotype which was homozygote risky genotype for obesity were female and 31.6% were male(p<0.05). When eating behaviour scores of individuals according to genders, the difference between the cognitive restraint scores (M:16.7±2.74 vs. F:16.1±2.34; p<0.05) and emotional eating score(M:10.2±2.26 vs. F:8.5±2.84) was statistically significant(p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the total scores of the TFEQ-R18 of males and females (p>0.05). When examining eating behaviour scores of individuals according to genotypes; it was found that no statistically significant difference between the sub-dimensions and total scores of TFEQ-R18. However, total score of TFEQ-R18 was negatively associated with the serum leptin in females with AA genotype(p<0.05), and positively associated with the serum ghrelin levels in males with TT genotype(p<0.05). Conclusion It was determined that eating behaviours in adults differed by gender rather than genotypes of FTO gene (rs9939609) polymorphism and gender was important factor for eating behaviour related to FTO gene rs9939609 genotypes in association with serum leptin-ghrelin level.

scholarly journals Estado nutricional de una población escolar en España y su relación con hábitos de alimentación y actividad física

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-241
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Cano Martín ◽  
Jaime González González ◽  
Alicia Mohedano Moriano ◽  
Antonio Viñuela ◽  
Juan José Criado-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Health Zone

La obesidad infantil ha incrementado su prevalencia en España, y aunque se considera un problema multifactorial, es atribuible principalmente al aumento de la ingesta y la disminución de la actividad física por un ocio sedentario mayor. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil en la Zona Básica de Salud (ZBS) de Menasalbas (Toledo, España), y la influencia de los hábitos alimentarios, de actividad física y deporte, y de ocio sedentario. Se realizó un estudio transversal en la población escolarizada de 3 a 12 años de la ZBS de Menasalbas, tomando medidas de peso y talla a 725 menores, calculando su IMC y clasificando su estado ponderal según las tablas de Cole. También se recogieron datos referentes a sus hábitos alimentarios y cuestionario Kidmed de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, y hábitos de actividad física y ocio sedentario, para estudiar su relación con el estado ponderal de los menores. La prevalencia de sobrecarga ponderal (suma de prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad) fue del 24,9%, con un 18,8% de sobrepeso y un 6,1% de obesidad, sin diferencias por edad y sexo. No se observaron diferencias respecto a los hábitos alimentarios, pero si una menor actividad física y un mayor ocio sedentario en aquellos con sobrecarga ponderal. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en nuestra población es elevada, aunque menor a las de otros trabajos. La alimentación, la actividad física y el ocio sedentario influenciaron el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil en este estudio. Childhood obesity has increased its prevalence in Spain, and although it´s considered a multifactorial problem, it is mainly attributable to increased intake and decreased physical activity due to increased sedentary leisure. The objective of this study was to know the prevalence of overweight and childhood obesity in the Basic Health Zone (ZBS) of Menasalbas (Toledo, Spain), and the influence of eating habits, physical activity and sport, and sedentary entertainment. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the school children of 3 to 12 years of age in the ZBS of Menasalbas, taking weight and height measurements for 725 minors, calculating their BMI and classifying their weight status according to Cole´s tables. Data regarding their eating habits and Kidmed questionnaire of adherence to the mediterranean diet, physical activity habits and sedentary leisure habits were also collected, to study its relationship with the weigh status of minors. The prevalence of weight overload (understood as the sum of the prevalence of overweight and obesity) was 24.9% , with 18.8% overweight and 6.1% of obesity, with no differences by age and sex. No differences were observed regarding eating habits, but less physical activity and a more sedentary leisure in those with weight overload was observed. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in our population is high, although lower than reported in other works. Diet, physical activity and sedentary leisure are confirmed as fundamental aspects in childhood overweight and obesity.

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