Cariogenicity of a Milk-Based Drink Used as a Dietary Supplement for Older Adults Using a Root Caries Experimental Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro J. Castro ◽  
Rodrigo A. Giacaman ◽  
Rodrigo A. Arthur ◽  
Marisa Maltz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Root Caries ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Caries Model ◽  
Mineral Loss

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cariogenicity of a milk-based drink intended for older adults that was used as part of a governmental initiative in Chile to improve their nutritional conditions. This drink contains a high concentration of sugars, which can contribute to root caries development. To test this hypothesis, an experimental biofilm/caries model was used. Dentin slabs were used to grow biofilms of Streptococcus mutans UA159. Slabs/biofilms were exposed 3× per day to bovine milk with different fat content, the milk-based drink, and the milk-based drink supplemented with 10 g of sucrose added per serving. Slabs exposed to 10% sucrose or 0.9% NaCl were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Biofilms were analyzed for bacterial counts and acidogenicity. Dentin demineralization was estimated by the loss of surface microhardness and integrated mineral loss. Results were compared by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. The milk-based drink showed higher acidogenicity than milk with its entire (whole) or reduced total fat content (skim). The milk-based drink supplemented with ­sucrose had similar acidogenicity as the 10% sucrose positive control (p = 0.506). Whole milk exposure elicited lower bacterial counts than the positive control, the milk-based drink, and the milk-based drink supplemented with sucrose (p = 0.002; 0.006 and 0.014 respectively). Although skim milk induced higher demineralization than whole milk, both milk types produced lower demineralization than the milk-based drink. Regarding integrated mineral loss, demineralization induced by the milk-based drink and the milk-based drink supplemented with sucrose was similar to that induced by the positive control and skim milk (p > 0.05). Sugar-containing milk-based drinks used as dietary supplements for older adults may be highly cariogenic and could represent a potential risk for root caries.

scholarly journals Rapid Determination of Ampicillin in Bovine Milk by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Y W Ang ◽  
Luo Wenhong
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Clear Supernatant

Abstract A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the determination of am- picillin residues in raw bovine milk, processed skim milk, and pasteurized, homogenized whole milk with vitamin D. Milk samples were deprote- inized with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and acetonitrile. After centrifugation, the clear supernatant was reacted with formaldehyde and TCA under heat. The major fluorescent derivative of ampicillin was then determined by reversed-phase LC with fluorescence detection. Average recoveries of ampicillin fortified at 5,10, and 20 ppb (ng/mL) were all >85% with coefficients of variation <10%. Limits of detection ranged from 0.31 to 0.51 ppb and limits of quantitation, from 0.66 to 1.2 ppb. After appropriate validation, this method should be suitable for rapid analysis of milk for ampicillin residues at the tolerance level of 10 ppb.

Role of single serving form of dairy on satiety and postprandial glycaemia in young and older healthy adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1289-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Vien ◽  
Hrvoje Fabek ◽  
Yurie Yamagishi ◽  
Ying Ti Lee ◽  
Bohdan L. Luhovyy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Dairy Proteins ◽  
Postprandial Glycaemia ◽  
Whole Milk

Dairy proteins reduce appetite and improve postprandial glycaemic response in adults. However, there are no reports of dairy in amounts usually consumed on satiety and postprandial glycaemia in either young or older adults. In a randomized crossover design, 30 healthy young adults (age: 23.5 ± 0.5 years; body mass index (BMI): 21.8 ± 0.4 kg/m2) and 30 healthy/overweight older adults (age: 65.2 ± 0.5 years; BMI: 24.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2) consumed 1 serving (according to manufacturers’ labels) of skim milk (0.1% milk fat (MF)), whole milk (3.25% MF), plain Greek yogurt (2% MF), cheddar cheese (31% MF), and water (energy-free control) after a 12-h fast. Subjective appetite was measured every 15–30 min over 3 h. Blood glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and every 15–30 min over 2 h. All dairy treatments reduced post-treatment subjective appetite area under the curve (AUC) over 3 h by 8%–17% more than water. Greek yogurt reduced appetite 3-h AUC more than skim and whole milk by 9% and 7%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Post-treatment blood glucose 2-h AUC was 42% lower in young compared with older adults (p = 0.003). It was also 52%–78% lower after cheese compared with milks and yogurt (p < 0.0001). Post-treatment insulin AUC after cheese was only 10%–15% of that after milks and Greek yogurt (p < 0.0001). We conclude that single servings of dairy differ in effect on postprandial satiety and glycaemia and merit consideration in management of metabolic syndrome.

Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Milks and Creams with Various Amounts of Milk Fat

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 540-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARET I. HALPIN-DOHNALEK ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Strain Variation ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Whole Milk

Staphylococcus aureus strains 100-A, 196-E, 254, 473, 505, and 521 generally grew better in skim milk and whole milk (3.5% milk fat) than in light cream (18% milk fat) and heavy whipping cream (36% milk fat) at 25 and 37°C. S. aureus strains grew to greater than 106/ml from an inoculum of ca. 103/ml in skim and whole milk held at 37°C. From the same level of inoculum, strains grew to 106–107/ml in light cream held at 37°C. A 10 to 100-fold increase in population was observed for most strains in heavy whipping cream inoculated with ca. 104 S. aureus/ml and held at 37°C. Less than a 10-fold increase in population was noted for strain 254 in heavy whipping cream held at 37°C. When strains of S. aureus were inoculated into milks and creams and held at 25°C, populations of the pathogen increased approximately 100-fold in skim and whole milk and 10-fold or less in light cream and heavy whipping cream. S. aureus was enumerated using Chapman Stone, Mannitol Salt, Baird-Parker, and Vogel-Johnson agars; best results were obtained with Baird-Parker and Vogel-Johnson agars, particularly when high-fat fluid products were tested. Milk fat content, incubation temperature, and strain variation influenced the ability of S. aureus to grow in various dairy fluids.

Interactions between the bovine milk fat globule membrane and skim milk components on heating whole milk

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avis V. Houlihan ◽  
Philippa A. Goddard ◽  
Stephen M. Nottingham ◽  
Barry J. Kitchen ◽  
Colin J. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Milk Fat Globule Membrane ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Fat Globule

SummaryHeating raw milk at 80 °C for 2·5–20 min was found to result in compositional changes in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The yield of protein material increased with the duration of heating, owing to incorporation of skim milk proteins, predominantly β-lactoglobulin, into the membrane. Lipid components of the MFGM were also affected, with losses of triacylglycerols on heating.

Milks and Milk Concentrates: Surface Tension Measurement

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M Williams ◽  
J.R. Jones ◽  
A.H.J. Paterson ◽  
D.L. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Surface Tension Measurement ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Wilhelmy Plate ◽  
Wilhelmy Plate Method

Surface tension is an important property of milk concentrates because it affects atomisation in spray drying. A Krüss tensiometer and Wilhelmy plate were used to measure surface tension. Skim milk and whole milk were tested at a range of solids concentrations and were compared with the surface tension of standard and reconstituted milks. It was found that surface tension was affected more by temperature than by fat content or solids concentration. The surface tensions for concentrates correspond to published values for standard milks below 60°C, but above 60°C, the surface tension increases markedly, which can be attributed to changes in the milk chemistry. The difficulty associated with using the Wilhelmy plate method is the time taken to perform each measurement, which allows a skin to form and reduces the accuracy of the measurements.

Lipid and protein composition of a membrane-rich fraction of butter oil

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary McCarthy ◽  
Denis R. Headon
Keyword(s):  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Ethanolamine Phosphatidyl ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Phospholipid Classes

SummaryLipid and aqueous extracts of bovine milk and 5 fractions prepared from bovine milk, including a membrane-rich fraction (MRF) isolated during butter oil production, were analysed for neutral lipid, phospholipid, protein and glycoprotein. The MRF showed an 8·5-fold enrichment in the phospholipid: protein ratio compared to whole milk. The percentage distribution of the 3 major phospholipid classes, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin was 30, 36, 31 % respectively, the values of which differ slightly from those of whole milk. Fatty acid analysis of the major neutral and phospholipid classes indicated a predominance of palmitate, stearate and oleate. SDS polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gradients indicated that the percentage protein having a mol. wt in excess of 75000 increased by a factor of 2 in the MRF when compared to milk. Glycoprotein profiles of the MRF and its precursor cream differ significantly from the patterns evident in whole milk and skim-milk.

Lipases in bovine milk and the relationship between the lipoprotein lipase and tributyrate hydrolysing activities in cream and skim-milk

1975 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Castberg ◽  
T. Egelrud ◽  
P. Solberg ◽  
T. Olivecrona
Keyword(s):  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Total Inhibition ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe lipoprotein lipase and tributyrate hydrolysing activities were found to be similarly distributed in the fractions obtained when whole milk was separated into skim-milk and cream, and when the cream was washed and freed from lipid. These enzyme activities in skim-milks and in extracts of lipid-free cream could not be separated by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. The enzymes were inactivated to the same degree when incubated at 37°C in the presence of 1·5 M-NaCl, pH 8·5, and both showed the same marked decrease in stability at 4°C in 1·5 M-NaCl, when the pH was changed from 8·3 to 9·0. Irradiation of skim-milk with UV-light caused the same decrease in both lipoprotein lipase and tributyrate hydrolysing activities. An antiserum against a highly purified skim-milk lipoprotein lipase caused total inhibition of the lipoprotein lipase and tributyrate hydrolysing activities in skim-milk and in extracts of lipid-free cream. It is suggested that in bovine milk there is only one major lipase and that it is identical to lipoprotein lipase.

scholarly journals The Value of Milk Fat

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Eduardo P. Santos ◽  
Albert De Vries
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Fat Consumption ◽  
Management Factors ◽  
Animal Sciences

In the Southeast, milk is priced based on fat and skim milk value, with additional bonuses for somatic cell and bacterial counts. In recent years, butterfat has become more valuable. This 7-page document discusses some of the history behind the changes in milk fat consumption, management factors that influence milk fat content and yield by dairy cattle, and economic implications of changing fat content through the diet in two case scenarios. Written by José E. P. Santos and Albert De Vries, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, January 2019.  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an350

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNA in Raw and Commercially Processed Milk and Putative Targets Related to Growth and Immune-Response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shome ◽  
R. Jernigan ◽  
D. Beitz ◽  
S. Clark ◽  
E. Testroet
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Putative Gene ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
Processing Steps

Abstract Background:Bovine milk contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a role in cellular communication, acting in either an autocrine, paracrine, or an exocrine manner. The unique properties of the EVs protect the cargo against degradation. We profiled the ncRNAs (non-coding RNA) present in the EVs from five fluid dairy products - raw whole milk, heat-treated skim milk, homogenized heat-treated skim milk, pasteurized homogenized skim milk, and pasteurized heavy whipping cream (four replicates each) obtained at different processing steps from a commercial dairy plant. EVs and their cargo were extracted by using a validated commercial kit that has been shown to be efficient and specific for EVs. Because many ncRNAs and the ncRNAs of bovine are less well characterized that human but are generally highly conserved, both human and Bos taurus databases were probed for putative targets. Results:Thirty microRNAs (miRNAs), isolated from milk, with their corresponding 1546 putative gene targets have functions associated with immune response and growth and development, indicating the potential for these ncRNAs to beneficially support mammary health and growth for the cow as well as neonatal gut maturation. The most abundant miRNAs were miR-125, which is involved in host bacterial and viral immune response, and human homolog miR-718 in the regulation of p53, VEGF, and IGF signaling pathways, respectively. Sixty-two miRNAs were enriched and 121 miRNAs were diluted throughout all the milk samples when compared to raw whole milk. In addition, our study explored the putative roles of other ncRNAs which included 88 piRNAs (piwi-interacting RNA), 64 antisense RNAs, and 105 long-intergenic ncRNAs contained in the bovine exosomes. Conclusion:Together, the results indicate that bovine milk contains significant numbers of ncRNAs with putative regulatory targets associated with immune- and developmental-functions important for neonatal bovine health, and that processing significantly increases the abundance of these ncRNA species. It is worth noting, however, that these gene regulatory targets are putative, and, though not necessary, further evidence could be generated through experimental validation.

scholarly journals Non-coding RNA in raw and commercially processed milk and putative targets related to growth and immune-response

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shome ◽  
R. L. Jernigan ◽  
D. C. Beitz ◽  
S. Clark ◽  
E. D. Testroet
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Human Homolog ◽  
Putative Gene ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Whole Milk

Abstract Background Bovine milk contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a role in cellular communication, acting in either an autocrine, paracrine, or an exocrine manner. The unique properties of the EVs protect the cargo against degradation. We profiled the ncRNAs (non-coding RNA) present in the EVs from seven dairy products - raw whole milk, heat-treated skim milk, homogenized heat-treated skim milk, pasteurized homogenized skim milk, pasteurized heavy whipping cream, sweet cream buttermilk and cultured buttermilk with four replicates each, obtained at different processing steps from a commercial dairy plant. EVs and their cargo were extracted by using a validated commercial kit that has been shown to be efficient and specific for EVs. Further, to find the annotation of ncRNAs, we probed bovine and other organism repositories(such as miRBase, miRTarBase, Ensemble) to find homolog ncRNA annotation in case the annotations of ncRNA are not available in Bos Taurus database. Results Specifically, 30 microRNAs (miRNAs), were isolated throughout all the seven milk samples, which later when annotated with their corresponding 1546 putative gene targets have functions associated with immune response and growth and development. This indicates the potential for these ncRNAs to beneficially support mammary health and growth for the cow as well as neonatal gut maturation. The most abundant miRNAs were bta-miR-125a and human homolog miR-718 based on the abundance values of read count obtained from the milk samples.bta-miR-125a is involved in host bacterial and viral immune response, and human homolog miR-718 is involved in the regulation of p53, VEGF, and IGF signaling pathways, respectively. Sixty-two miRNAs were up-regulated and 121 miRNAs were down-regulated throughout all the milk samples when compared to raw whole milk. In addition, our study explored the putative roles of other ncRNAs which included 88 piRNAs (piwi-interacting RNA), 64 antisense RNAs, and 105 lincRNAs (long-intergenic ncRNAs) contained in the bovine exosomes. Conclusion Together, the results indicate that bovine milk contains significant numbers of ncRNAs with putative regulatory targets associated with immune- and developmental-functions important for neonatal bovine health, and that processing significantly affects the ncRNA expression values; but statistical testing of overall abundance(read counts) of all miRNA samples suggests abundance values aren’t much affected. This can be attributed to the breakage of exosomal vesicles during the processing stages. It is worth noting, however, that these gene regulatory targets are putative, and further evidence could be generated through experimental validation.

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