Cadaver Dissection Is Obsolete in Medical Training! A Misinterpreted Notion

Ismail Memon

doi:10.1159/000488320

Cadaver Dissection Is Obsolete in Medical Training! A Misinterpreted Notion

Medical Principles and Practice ◽

10.1159/000488320 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 201-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ismail Memon

Keyword(s):

World Literature ◽

Medical Training ◽

Medical Schools ◽

Cadaver Dissection ◽

Postgraduate Medical Training ◽

Structural Details ◽

The Status ◽

And Training ◽

Modified Forms ◽

Anatomy Teaching

Cadaver dissection (CD) is considered a tool for studying the structural details of the human body. Lately, conflicting opinions regarding the utility of this modality in medical training have been published in medical literature. This review of the literature examines the status of anatomy teaching with CD in traditional, modern, and postgraduate medical training across the world. Literature published in the English language on topics related to CD in the past 3 decades was scrutinized using different search engines. About 200 full texts were reviewed. We describe how medical schools have continued to include CD in anatomy teaching in the traditional or modified form. Medical schools that stopped or decreased CD have learnt from their experiences, and have restarted it in modified forms by integrating it vertically with medical training. In addition, CD activities have increased in postgraduate anatomy courses, surgery training, and voluntary/optional CD programs. CD, when integrated vertically, still has a part to play in medical training in modified ways. This overview may help curriculum designers to place CD in medical curricula and training programs in a justified manner.

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Modernising dental careers: a personal perspective

Bulletin of The Royal College of Surgeons of England ◽

10.1308/147363506x104028 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 124-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chris Franklin

Keyword(s):

Medical Education ◽

Medical Training ◽

Postgraduate Medical Education ◽

Education And Training ◽

Personal Perspective ◽

Postgraduate Medical Training ◽

Medical Careers ◽

Medical Education And Training ◽

And Training ◽

The Way

Many of you will know that Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) is well under way. The Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB) is also well established and is changing the way postgraduate medical training is run and assessed. PMETB guidance is already having an influence on dental training at deanery level. The GDC has approved the specialist list review and some of the recommendations mirror those of PMETB.

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Are We Neglecting Nutrition in UK Medical Training? A Quantitative Analysis of Nutrition-Related Education in Postgraduate Medical Training Curriculums

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030957 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 957

Author(s):

Laura Ganis ◽

Tatiana Christides

Keyword(s):

Nutrition Education ◽

Medical Training ◽

General Medical Council ◽

Education And Training ◽

Learning Objectives ◽

Medical Council ◽

Postgraduate Medical Training ◽

Medical Education And Training ◽

The Uk ◽

And Training

Suboptimal nutrition is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom (UK). Although patients cite physicians as trusted information sources on diet and weight loss, studies suggest that the management of nutrition-related disorders is hindered by insufficient medical education and training. Objectives of this study were to: (1) Quantify nutrition-related learning objectives (NLOs) in UK postgraduate medical training curriculums and assess variation across specialties; (2) assess inclusion of nutrition-related modules; (3) assess the extent to which NLOs are knowledge-, skill-, or behaviour-based, and in which Good Medical Practice (GMP) Domain(s) they fall. 43 current postgraduate curriculums, approved by the General Medical Council (GMC) and representing a spectrum of patient-facing training pathways in the UK, were included. NLOs were identified using four keywords: ‘nutrition’, ‘diet’, ‘obesity’, and ‘lifestyle’. Where a keyword was used in a titled section followed by a number of objectives, this was designated as a ‘module’. Where possible, NLOs were coded with the information to address objective 3. A median of 15 NLOs (mean 24) were identified per curriculum. Eleven specialties (25.6%) had five or less NLOs identified, including General Practice. Surgical curriculums had a higher number of NLOs compared with medical (median 30 and 8.5, respectively), as well as a higher inclusion rate of nutrition-related modules (100% of curriculums versus 34.4%, respectively). 52.9% of NLOs were knowledge-based, 34.9% skill-based, and 12.2% behaviour-based. The most common GMP Domain assigned to NLOs was Domain 1: Knowledge, Skills and Performance (53.0%), followed by Domain 2: Safety and Quality (20.6%), 3: Communication, Partnership and Teamwork (18.7%), and 4: Maintaining Trust (7.7%). This study demonstrates considerable variability in the number of nutrition-related learning objectives in UK postgraduate medical training. As insufficient nutrition education and training may underlie inadequate doctor-patient discussions, the results of this analysis suggest a need for further evaluation of nutrition-related competencies in postgraduate training.

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CaRMS at 50: Making the match for medical education

Canadian Medical Education Journal ◽

10.36834/cmej.69786 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Turriff ◽

John Gallinger ◽

Michel Ouellette ◽

Eric Peters

Keyword(s):

Medical Training ◽

Resource Planning ◽

Health Human Resource ◽

Human Resource Planning ◽

Postgraduate Medical Training ◽

The Past ◽

Past Half Century ◽

And Training ◽

Past Half ◽

National Approach

Entry into postgraduate medical training in Canada is facilitated through a national application and matching system which establishes matches between applicants and training programs based on each party’s stated preferences. Health human resource planning in Canada involves many factors, influences, and decisions. The complexity of the system is due, in part, to the fact that much of the decision making is dispersed among provincial, territorial, regional, and federal jurisdictions, making a collaborative national approach a challenge. The national postgraduate application and matching system is one of the few aspects of the health human resources continuum that is truly pan-Canadian. This article examines the evolution of the application and matching system over the past half century, the values that underpin it, and CaRMS' role in the process.

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Staying SHARP in times of crisis – The impact of COVID-19 on anaesthesiology residency

Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare ◽

10.1177/2010105821990679 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 201010582199067

Author(s):

Denise Yan Yin Lim ◽

Von Vee Ng ◽

Zihui Tan ◽

Darren LK Koh

Keyword(s):

Medical Training ◽

Postgraduate Medical Education ◽

National Policy ◽

Healthcare Sector ◽

Psychological Burden ◽

Postgraduate Medical Training ◽

Residency Programme ◽

Training Programmes ◽

The Impact ◽

And Training

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented crisis that has taken the world by storm, and it has taken an especially immense toll on the healthcare sector. Although much effort has been made to make changes in key areas such as clinical practice, national policy and research, we believe that it is just as important to evaluate the impact of the crisis on postgraduate medical training. To this end, we would like to share our experience within an anaesthesiology residency programme in Singapore, the SingHealth Anaesthesiology Residency Programme, which we hope will benefit other training programmes and anyone involved in postgraduate medical education as a whole. Key challenges identified include restrictions on teaching events, difficulties in completing core posting requirements, changes in clinical workload, postponement of examinations, exposure risk (particularly in relation to aerosol-generating procedures) and psychological burden. Strategies that have been implemented to tackle these challenges are also described, including the use of online platforms, modifications to posting and promotion requirements, manpower adjustments, provision of protective equipment and training in infectious disease protocols. Ultimately, we believe that a supportive work environment is essential to ensure the wellbeing of residents in times of crisis.

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Maintaining a Sufficient and Quality Physician Workforce: The Role of For-profit Medical Schools

Health Services Insights ◽

10.4137/hsi.s10462 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. HSI.S10462 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jessica M. Babcock ◽

Blake D. Babcock ◽

Marshall Z. Schwartz

Keyword(s):

Medical School ◽

Medical Training ◽

Medical Schools ◽

The United States ◽

Physician Workforce ◽

Workforce Shortage ◽

For Profit ◽

Postgraduate Medical Training ◽

Physician Shortages ◽

The Us

Currently, in the United States there is a significant physician workforce shortage. This problem is likely to persist as there is no quick solution. The nature of this shortage is complex and involves factors such as an absolute physician shortage, as well as physician shortages in primary care and certain specialty care areas. In addition, there is a misdistribution of physicians to medically underserved areas and populations. The medical education system trains medical school graduates that eventually feed the physician workforce. However, several factors are in place which ultimately limits the effectiveness of this system in providing an appropriate workforce to meet the population demands. For-profit medical schools have been in existence in and around the continental US for many years and some authors have suggested that they may be a major contributor to the physician workforce shortage. There is currently one for-profit medical school in the US, however the majority exist in the Caribbean. The enrollment in and number of these schools have grown to partially meet the ever-growing demand for an increase in medical school graduates and they continue to provide a large number of graduates who return to the US for postgraduate medical training and, ultimately, increase the physician workforce. The question is whether this source will benefit the workforce quality and quantity needs of our growing and aging population.

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Clergy

10.1093/oso/9780198807568.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Hill QC

Keyword(s):

Employment Status ◽

Church Of England ◽

The Status ◽

The Right ◽

The Church ◽

And Training

This chapter focuses on the clergy of the Church of England. It first explains the process of selection and training for deacons and priests, along with their ordination, functions, and duties. It then considers the status and responsibilities of incumbents, patronage, and presentation of a cleric to a benefice, and suspension of presentation. It also examines the institution, collation, and induction of a presentee as well as unbeneficed clergy such as assistant curates and priests-in-charge of parishes, the authority of priests to officiate under the Extra-Parochial Ministry Measure, the right of priests to hold office under Common Tenure, and the role of visitations in maintaining the discipline of the Church. The chapter concludes with a discussion of clergy retirement and removal, employment status of clergy, vacation of benefices, group and team ministries, and other church appointments including rural or area deans, archdeacons, diocesan bishops, suffragan bishops, and archbishops.

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Web-based Medical Education During COVID-19 Lockdown: A Step Back or a Leap to the Future?

The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds ◽

10.1177/15347346211011848 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 153473462110118

Author(s):

Anna Eleftheriou ◽

Aikaterini Rokou ◽

Christos Argyriou ◽

Nikolaos Papanas ◽

George S. Georgiadis

Keyword(s):

Medical Education ◽

Clinical Training ◽

Medical Training ◽

Medical Schools ◽

Web Based ◽

Clinical Exposure ◽

Virtual Teaching ◽

Based Medicine ◽

The Impact

The impact of coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) on medical education has been substantial. Medical students require considerable clinical exposure. However, due to the risk of COVID-19, the majority of medical schools globally have discontinued their normal activities. The strengths of virtual teaching now include a variety of web-based resources. New interactive forms of virtual teaching are being developed to enable students to interact with patients from their homes. Conversely, students have received decreased clinical training in certain medical and surgical specialities, which may, in turn, reduce their performance, confidence, and abilities as future physicians. We sought to analyze the effect of telemedicine on the quality of medical education in this new emerging era and highlight the benefits and drawbacks of web-based medical training in building up future physicians. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an unparalleled challenge to medical schools, which are aiming to deliver quality education to students virtually, balancing between evidence-based and experience-based medicine.

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Cadaver surgical training in Japan: its past, present, and ideal future perspectives

Surgery Today ◽

10.1007/s00595-021-02330-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Toshiaki Shichinohe ◽

Eiji Kobayashi

Keyword(s):

Surgical Training ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Medical Schools ◽

Professional Autonomy ◽

Cadaver Dissection ◽

Private Companies ◽

Promotion Committee ◽

History Of ◽

Operating Organization ◽

Japan Surgical Society

AbstractThe framework for cadaver surgical training (CST) in Japan was established in 2012, based on the “Guidelines for Cadaver Dissection in Education and Research of Clinical Medicine” of the Japan Surgical Society (JSS) and the Japanese Association of Anatomists. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare allocated funding from its budget for CST. By 2019, CST was being practiced in 33 medical schools and universities. Currently, the CST Promotion Committee of the JSS reviews each CST report submitted by medical schools and universities and provides guidance based on professional autonomy. This paper outlines the history of CST in Japan and presents a plan for its future. To sustain and oversee CST implementation, an operating organization, funded by stakeholders, such as government agencies, academic societies, and private companies, is needed.

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Implicit gender-career bias in postgraduate medical training still exists, mainly in residents and in females

BMC Medical Education ◽

10.1186/s12909-021-02694-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maud Kramer ◽

Ide C. Heyligers ◽

Karen D. Könings

Keyword(s):

Gender Bias ◽

Medical Training ◽

Leadership Positions ◽

Medical Field ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Surgical Specialty ◽

Postgraduate Medical Training ◽

Career Ambition ◽

The Mean ◽

Attending Physicians

Abstract Background More and more female residents enter postgraduate medical training (PGMT). Meanwhile, women are still underrepresented in academic medicine, in leadership positions and in most surgical specialties. This suggests that female residents’ career development may still be negatively impacted by subtle, often unconscious stereotype associations regarding gender and career-ambition, called implicit gender-career bias. This study explored the existence and strength of implicit gender-career bias in doctors who currently work in PGMT, i.e. in attending physicians who act as clinical trainers and in their residents. Methods We tested implicit gender-career bias in doctors working in PGMT by means of an online questionnaire and an online Implicit Association Test (IAT). We used standard IAT analysis to calculate participants’ IAT D scores, which indicate the direction and strength of bias. Linear regression analyses were used to test whether the strength of bias was related to gender, position (resident or clinical trainer) or specialty (non-surgical or surgical specialty). Results The mean IAT D score among 403 participants significantly differed from zero (D-score = 0.36 (SD = 0.39), indicating bias associating male with career and female with family. Stronger gender-career bias was found in women (βfemale =0 .11; CI 0.02; 0.19; p = 0.01) and in residents (βresident 0.12; CI 0.01; 0.23; p = 0.03). Conclusions This study may provide a solid basis for explicitly addressing implicit gender-career bias in PGMT. The general understanding in the medical field is that gender bias is strongest among male doctors’ in male-dominated surgical specialties. Contrary to this view, this study demonstrated that the strongest bias is held by females themselves and by residents, independently of their specialty. Apparently, the influx of female doctors in the medical field has not yet reduced implicit gender-career bias in the next generation of doctors, i.e. in today’s residents, and in females.

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