scholarly journals Iron Nutriture of the Fetus, Neonate, Infant, and Child

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl. 3) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Cerami
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Iron ◽  
Maternal Iron

Iron is a key nutrient and is essential for the developing fetus, neonate, infant, and child. Iron requirements are high during early stages of life because it is critically important for the production of new red blood cells and muscle cells as well as brain development. Neonates, infants, and children obtain iron from dietary sources including breast milk (lactoferrin) and heme- and non-heme-containing foods. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common micronutrient deficiency in children and pregnant women worldwide. ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) can affect growth and energy levels as well as motor and cognitive performance in the developing child. The fetus is completely dependent on maternal iron crossing through the placenta and, although it is generally well protected against deficiency at birth, ID in mothers can increase the risk of ID and IDA in their children as early as 4 months. This review will discuss the uses of iron, iron requirements, and the sources of iron from conception through childhood. In addition, it will describe the prevalence and clinical manifestations of ID and IDA in children and discuss recommendations for iron supplementation of children and pregnant women.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Different Doses of Iron Supplementation and the Prenatal Determinants of Maternal Iron Status in Pregnant Spanish Women: ECLIPSES Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Iglesias Vázquez ◽  
Victoria Arija ◽  
Núria Aranda ◽  
Estefanía Aparicio ◽  
Núria Serrat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Hfe Gene ◽  
Excess Iron ◽  
Spanish Women ◽  
Maternal Iron ◽  
Different Doses

Iron deficiency (ID), anemia, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and excess iron (hemoconcentration) harm maternal–fetal health. We evaluated the effectiveness of different doses of iron supplementation adjusted for the initial levels of hemoglobin (Hb) on maternal iron status and described some associated prenatal determinants. The ECLIPSES study included 791 women, randomized into two groups: Stratum 1 (Hb = 110–130g/L, received 40 or 80mg iron daily) and Stratum 2 (Hb > 130g/L, received 20 or 40mg iron daily). Clinical, biochemical, and genetic information was collected during pregnancy, as were lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics. In Stratum 1, using 80 mg/d instead of 40 mg/d protected against ID on week 36. Only women with ID on week 12 benefited from the protection against anemia and IDA by increasing Hb levels. In Stratum 2, using 20 mg/d instead of 40 mg/d reduced the risk of hemoconcentration in women with initial serum ferritin (SF) ≥ 15 μg/L, while 40 mg/d improved SF levels on week 36 in women with ID in early pregnancy. Mutations in the HFE gene increased the risk of hemoconcentration. Iron supplementation should be adjusted to early pregnancy levels of Hb and iron stores. Mutations of the HFE gene should be evaluated in women with high Hb levels in early pregnancy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Iron Supplementation Effects on Plasma Lipid Levels in Pregnant Women

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Safa F. Omer ◽  
Suaad Elnour ◽  
GadAllah Modawe
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean

Backgrounds: Iron supplementation is most widely used approach of controlling the global problem of iron deficiency anemia especially in pregnant anemic women. Anemia is one of the most frequent complications related to pregnancy. Normal physiological changes in pregnancy affect the hemoglobin (Hb), Epidemiological studies have shown high serum iron concentrations following abnormal levels of blood lipids are risk factors for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Both iron deficiency anemia and dyslipidaemia are widely prevalent public health problems, especially in the Sudanese pregnant women. Objectives: The aim of present study was to measure the serum level of lipids profile in anemic pregnant women compared to non anemic pregnant women. Methodology and Study Population: The analytical case control study conducted in obstetrics and gynecology centre, Omdurman city, Khartoum state. One hundred subjects known with 50 pregnant anemic as case groups and 50 non anemic pregnant  women as control groups were enrolled in this study, with  match age and sex,  the age ranged between (20 to 40 years) and their mean (31.7±4.34). The serum lipid profile was analyzed using spectrophotometric method. Results: The (mean±SD) of Hb, HDL, LDL, TG and TC in anemic pregnant women respectively were (68.15±9.35, 46.06±9.62, 114.14±36.86, 170.38±54.57. 197.16±46.83). While the (mean±SD) of Hb, HDL, LDL, TG and TC in non anemic pregnant women respectively were (79.76±7.22, 47.44±9.65, 140.00±40.76, 189.72±37.89, 224.38±45.09). The concentration of Hb was highly significantly decrease in anemic pregnant compare to non anemic pregnant women with p value (p=0.000). The level serum of LDL, TG and TC were significantly decrease in anemic pregnant compare to non anemic pregnant women with p value (p= 0.001, 0.042, 0.004) respectively.  The age of study population were no correlation with serum LDL(r= -0.155, p= 0.283), HDL(r= -0.019, p=0.898) and TC (r=0.68, p=0.640). And also their positive correlation between age and serum TG (r= 0.286, P=0.044). Conclusion: The anemic pregnant women had a significantly decreased of Hb and serum LDL, TG and TC and also their positive correlation between age and serum TG.

scholarly journals The Benefits and Risks of Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Childhood

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Georgieff ◽  
Nancy F. Krebs ◽  
Sarah E. Cusick
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Children

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world and disproportionately affects pregnant women and young children. Iron deficiency has negative effects on pregnancy outcomes in women and on immune function and neurodevelopment in children. Iron supplementation programs have been successful in reducing this health burden. However, iron supplementation of iron-sufficient individuals is likely not necessary and may carry health risks for iron-sufficient and potentially some iron-deficient populations. This review considers the physiology of iron as a nutrient and how this physiology informs decision-making about weighing the benefits and risks of iron supplementation in iron-deficient, iron-sufficient, and iron-overloaded pregnant women and children.

scholarly journals Effect of Emblica Officinalis (amloki) on iron status in pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tahmina Akter ◽  
Qazi Shamima Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Ferritin Level ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Level ◽  
Emblica Officinalis

Background: Common clinical practice of prescribing Iron supplementation for Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnancy is associated with a number of side effects. Emblica officinalis (amloki) is a well known dietary supplement used by traditional practitioners to treat anemia. Objective: To evaluate the effects of oral supplementation of Emblica officinalis on iron status in pregnant women with IDA. Methods: This prospective interventional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College (DMC), Dhaka from July 2016 to June 2017 on 43 pregnant women aged 18 to 36 years between 13th to 20th weeks of gestation with IDA. They were recruited from the Out-patient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, DMC Hospital. Among them 24 were supplemented with amloki and iron (IAS) and 19 women received only iron supplementation (IS). Study variables were estimated at the baseline and after 45 days of supplementation. Serum iron, ferritin and Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were estimated following standard laboratory methods. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Paired and Unpaired Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Serum iron levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) and serum TIBC were significantly lower (p<0.001) in both groups after supplementation compared to their baseline value. But post supplementation serum ferritin level was significantly higher (p<0.01) only in IAS group compared to that of the baseline. Again, after intervention, serum iron level was significantly higher (p<0.05) and serum TIBC was significantly lower (p<0.01) in IAS group when compared with those of IS group. Conclusions: Data concluded that oral Emblica officinalis supplement along with iron was more effective than only iron supplementation to improve serum iron status in pregnant women with IDA. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2019, June; 14(1): 1-6

Iron supplementation during pregnancy: what are the risks and benefits of current practices?

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
France M. Rioux ◽  
Caroline P. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Reference Intake ◽  
Daily Dose

Iron-deficiency anemia is still prevalent among pregnant women living in industrialized countries such as Canada. To prevent this deficiency, iron supplements (30 mg/d) are routinely prescribed to Canadian pregnant women. Recently, dietary reference intakes for iron have increased from 18 and 23 mg/d during the second and third trimesters, respectively, to 27 mg/d throughout the pregnancy for all age groups. Whether this new recommendation implies an increase of iron dosage in supplements has not been answered. Are there any benefits or risks for the mother and her infant associated with iron supplementation during pregnancy? If iron supplementation is recommended, what should be the ideal dosage? This article reviews current knowledge on the potential negative or positive impact of iron supplementation during pregnancy on the outcomes of both infants and mothers. Based on the literature reviewed, a low daily dose of iron (30 mg elemental iron) during pregnancy improves women’s iron status and seems to protect their infants from iron-deficiency anemia. Several studies have also shown that a low daily dose of iron may improve birth weight even in non-anemic pregnant women. However, higher dosages are not recommended because of the potential negative effects on mineral absorption, oxidative pathways, and adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. To date, it is still not clear if health professionals should recommend routine or selective supplementation. However, neither routine nor selective iron supplementation during pregnancy is able to eliminate iron-deficiency anemia. Even though the dietary reference intake for iron during pregnancy has been recently increased, we do not recommend higher doses of iron in supplements designed for pregnant women.

scholarly journals Three-Month Iron Supplementation as Treatment for Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia in Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donel Donel ◽  
Dhini Aiyulie Novri ◽  
Ruza Prima Rustam ◽  
Maya Savira
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Hypochromic Anemia ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Anemia In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

In pregnant women there is a twofold increase in iron requirements due to increased blood volume without the expansion of plasma volume. Pregnant women are very prone to suffering from iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia generally has an erythrocyte index which represents hypochromic microcytic. This study aimed to determine the effect of three-month iron tablet supplementation as a therapy against microcytic hypochromic anemia in pregnancy. This was a quantitative quasi-experimental study using pre-test and post-test design. The study was conducted in May-September 2020 at the Arifin Achmad Regional General Hospital, Riau Province, Indonesia. Subjects were 30 pregnant women with microcytic hypochromic anemia. Primary data were analyzed using statistical paired sample t-tests. Results showed that there was an increase in hemoglobin levels after the supplementation of iron tablet from an average of 9.1 ± 1.2 gr/dl to 11.8 ± 1.0 g/dl. This change was significant based on the results of the T-test (p-0.003) Thus, iron supplementation for three month significantly increases hemoglobin levels in pregnant women.

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