scholarly journals George Papanicolaou's Efforts to Develop Novel Cytologic Methods for the Early Diagnosis of Endometrial Carcinoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 281-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marshall Austin
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
The Face ◽  
Initial Focus ◽  
Female Genital

Toward the end of his career, Dr. George Papanicolaou became interested in human endometrial explants placed into tissue culture. The initial focus of his studies was on phagocytic cells emanating from endometrial explants and their role in cleansing the uterine cavity after each menstrual cycle and in sterilizing the uterine cavity in the face of infection. Papanicolaou also observed that growth rates of explanted normal and pathologic endometrial tissues differed considerably. Explants of endometrial malignancies exhibited not only increased growth rates but also visible proliferation of cells with readily identifiable cytologic features of malignancy. Acknowledging that cytologic screening for early diagnosis of intrauterine malignancies had up to that point not proven to be reliable as screening for cervical cancer, he hoped that the tissue culture explant technique could prove to be a new adjunctive diagnostic method for the diagnosis of endometrial and other female genital tract malignancies not readily detectible by other diagnostic procedures. Papanicolaou's untimely death in 1962 cut short his progress in this area of study.

scholarly journals Vaginal, Cervical and Uterine pH in Women with Normal and Abnormal Vaginal Microbiota

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Malene Risager Lykke ◽  
Naja Becher ◽  
Thor Haahr ◽  
Ebbe Boedtkjer ◽  
Jørgen Skov Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Ph Gradient ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Female Genital

Introduction: Healthy women of reproductive age have a vaginal pH around 4.5, whereas little is known about pH in the upper genital tract. A shift in the vaginal microbiota may result in an elevated pH in the upper genital tract. This might contribute to decreased fertility and increased risk of preterm birth. Therefore, we aimed to measure pH in different compartments of the female genital tract in both nonpregnant and pregnant women, stratifying into a normal and abnormal vaginal microbiota. Material and methods: In this descriptive study, we included 6 nonpregnant, 12 early-pregnant, and 8 term-pregnant women. A pH gradient was recorded with a flexible pH probe. An abnormal vaginal microbiota was diagnosed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique for Atopobium vaginae; Sneathia sanguinegens; Leptotrichia amnionii; bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium 1, 2, 3, and TM7; and Prevotella spp. among others. Results: In all participants we found the pH gradient in the lower reproductive canal to be most acidic in the lower vagina and most alkaline in the upper uterine cavity. Women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota had an increased pH in the lower vagina compared to the other groups. Conclusions: There is a pronounced pH gradient within the female genital tract. This gradient is not disrupted in women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota.

scholarly journals Fibroids and infertility

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Harpreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Hysteroscopic Myomectomy ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Intramural Fibroids ◽  
Female Genital

ABSTRACT Fibroids are the commonest benign tumors of female genital tract. Though fibroids may not be a sole cause for infertility in majority of cases, but it has been seen that there is an improvement in pregnancy rates after myomectomy. Fibroids that distort the uterine cavity and large intramural fibroids are shown to be associated with adverse effects on reproductive function. Available evidence suggests that submucosal, intramural, and subserosal .broids interfere with fertility in decreasing order of importance. In infertile women and those with recurrent pregnancy loss, myomectomy should be considered only after a thorough evaluation has been completed. Medical management of fibroids has no role in treatment of fertility rather it might lead to delay in the final treatment for infertility. Preoperative medical treatment with a GnRH agonist should be considered for women who are anemic and those undergoing hysteroscopic myomectomy. Subserosal fibroids have least effect on fertility, so they do not need removal before infertility treatment. Keymessage Fibroids are important cause of infertility; Removal of submucousal fibroids is warranted before IVF. Search methodology Data were sourced from the electronic database PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID, Cochrane Database of systematic reviews and published guidelines on fibroids and infertility. Abstracts from papers and posters presented at the international meetings, published and unpublished studies, and expert opinion was considered. How to cite this article Kaur H, Rao KA. Fibroids and infertility. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2014;5(1):1-7

scholarly journals Neonatally Diagnosed Imperforate Hymen: Hymen Saving Surgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Maram A. Enani ◽  
Wejdan O. Ba-Amer ◽  
Alfaf S. Aljohani ◽  
Shahad A. Aljohani ◽  
Noor A. Aljohani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Imperforate Hymen ◽  
Female Genital

Imperforate hymen is the most common obstructive anomalies of the female genital tract. It is usually an isolated anomaly but can be rarely syndromic. It can be asymptomatic until puberty, but the diagnosis as early as neonatal period has been reported and as with our neonate with hematocolpos. The aim of this case report is to present the early diagnosis and treatment of a female neonate with imperforate hymen taking into consideration the religious and traditional value of preservation of virginity in our community, and to stress the importance of careful post birth examination of the neonate and early management to avoid complications of late diagnosis.

scholarly journals Classification and diagnosis of congenital malformations of the female genital tract according to ESHRE/ESGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Anastasios Makedos ◽  
Grigoris Grimbizis
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Female Genital

Congenital malformations of the female genital tract affect 4-7% of the female population. They are mainly detected at reproductive age during the investigation for infertility. Accurate classification is vital for the effective management. In need of a more detailed description of these anomalies, clinical usefulness and simplicity ESHRE and ESGE introduced in 2013 the new classification system and further in 2016, at the Thessaloniki consensus they introduced guidance on proper diagnosis with the use of the available diagnostic procedures. In the current review the most important key points of both consensuses are described.

scholarly journals The Endometrial Microbiome and Its Impact on Human Conception

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Bruno Toson ◽  
Carlos Simon ◽  
Inmaculada Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Female Genital

Changes in the female genital tract microbiome are consistently correlated to gynecological and obstetrical pathologies, and tract dysbiosis can impact reproductive outcomes during fertility treatment. Nonetheless, a consensus regarding the physiological microbiome core inside the uterine cavity has not been reached due to a myriad of study limitations, such as sample size and experimental design variations, and the influence of endometrial bacterial communities on human reproduction remains debated. Understanding the healthy endometrial microbiota and how changes in its composition affect fertility would potentially allow personalized treatment through microbiome management during assisted reproductive therapies, ultimately leading to improvement of clinical outcomes. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the uterine microbiota and how it relates to human conception.

scholarly journals Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the vagina (PNHLV): a gynaecologist’s enigma!

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. e228544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanak Bhagat ◽  
Pallavi Kalkur ◽  
Sanjaya Kalkur
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Primary Lymphoma ◽  
Posterior Vaginal Wall ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Female Genital

Primary lymphoma of the female genital tract is very rare, particularly those presenting primarily in the vagina are even rarer. We report a case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with generalised abdominal pain, vaginal discharge and a thickening of the posterior vaginal wall. Prompt radiological investigations and biopsy led to early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Complete metabolic remission was obtained with three cycles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This case highlights the need for increasing the awareness about lymphomas presenting as vaginal lesion(s) and for clinicians to keep an open mind when working up such patients.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Characterization of Microbial Community in the Female Genital Tract of Reproductive-Aged Women in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningxia Sun ◽  
Haixia Ding ◽  
Hongjing Yu ◽  
Yixuan Ji ◽  
Xiuyue Xifang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Neurotrophin Signaling ◽  
Reproductive Aged Women ◽  
Infertile Patients ◽  
Female Genital

The microbiota in the human body play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes. However, the diversity and dynamics of the female genital tract (FGT) microbiota have not been fully unveiled. In this study, we characterized the microbiome variations in reproductive-aged Chinese women, and we revealed that the cervicovaginal microbiota were dominated by Lactobacillus. Overall, the composition of microbiota in the uterine cavity was more diverse than that in the vagina and cervix. A positive correlation between Lactobacillus iners and Lactobacillus crispatus was observed in both the vagina and the cervix, suggesting that these two species might have a symbiotic relationship in the cervicovaginal microbiota. Moreover, we, for the first time, stratified the reproductive-aged Chinese women into subgroups, based on their microbiome profiles. Furthermore, we identified the bacteria whose abundance changed in the uterine cavity of infertile patients when compared with healthy controls, such as L. iners and L. crispatus. Functionally, the metabolism-related pathways, neurotrophin signaling pathway, and adipocytokine signaling pathway were predominantly dysregulated in the uterine cavity of infertile patients. In conclusion, we characterized a comprehensive microbial landscape in FGT, as well as their functional roles in female infertility of the Chinese population.

scholarly journals A Ten year Clinicopathological Study of Female Genital Tuberculosis and Impact on Fertility

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (173) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Mondal ◽  
TK Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Genital Tuberculosis ◽  
Secretory Phase ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Female Genital Tuberculosis ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Female Genital

INTRODUCTION:To determine the histological pattern of involvement, clinical presentation, impact on fertility in women with genital tuberculosis.METHODS:A total number of 68 cases of gynaecological tuberculosis affecting different parts of female genital tract from 56 patients were selected. The age range of the patients was 17-36 years with mean age of 25.6 years. The diagnostic procedures used included endometrial curettage and biopsy, histopathological examination, culture and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Polymerase Chain Reaction (MTB PCR), laparoscopy, Hysterosalpingography (HSG) and Ultrasonography (USG). Most of the specimens received were biopsies of endometrial curettage for evaluation of infertility. In 7 cases, specimens of total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were submitted with lesions involving multiple sites.RESULTS:Patients presented with infertility (65-70%), pelvic/abdominal pain (50-55%), and menstrual disturbances (20-25%). Tuberculosis involved the endometrium in 55.88%, tubes in 23.53%, ovaries in 14.71% and cervix in 5.88% of the 68 cases. The endometrium(38 cases)was in the proliferative phase in 31 cases (81.57%), secretory phase in 4 cases (10.52%) and it was atrophic in 3 cases (7.89%).Caseation was present in 9 out of 68 cases and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain revealed Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) in tissue sections in only 4 cases . After therapy, 9 patients conceived of which 8 suffered spontaneous abortions. Only one patient had a successful pregnancy and the baby was born through caesarean section.CONCLUSIONS:Genital tuberculosis is an important cause of female infertility in developing countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Successful uterine pregnancy is rare after treatment and chances of ectopic pregnancy are high.Keywords: Key Words:female infertility, genital tuberculosis, histology

scholarly journals Streptococcus agalactiae causing pyometra in an elderly female with cervical cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 891-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchi Gupta ◽  
Anupam Das ◽  
Prakash S Krishna
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Elderly Female ◽  
Ascending Infection ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Female Genital

Streptococcus agalactiae is an important cause of invasive infections in neonates and is emerging as an important pathogen in elderly females. S. agalactiae is a commensal organism of the female genital tract; however, isolation from the uterine cavity suggests ascending infection of this organism caused by occlusion of the uterine cavity. We report a case of S. agalactiae causing pyometra in an elderly female with cervical cancer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document