On the Relationship between Free Plasma and Saliva Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Baumann ◽  
D. Tinguely ◽  
L. Koeb ◽  
J. Schöpf ◽  
P.K. Ke
Keyword(s):  
The Relationship ◽  
Free Plasma

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 triggers complement activation through interactions with heparan sulfate

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin W Lo ◽  
Alberto A Amarilla ◽  
John D Lee ◽  
Eduardo A Albornoz ◽  
Naphak Modhiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Monocyte Activation ◽  
Surface Deposition ◽  
Factor B ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Free Plasma

The complement system has been heavily implicated in severe COVID-19 with clinical studies revealing widespread gene induction, deposition, and activation. However, the mechanism by which complement is activated in this disease remains incompletely understood. Herein we examined the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and complement by inoculating the virus in lepirudin-anticoagulated human blood. This caused progressive C5a production after 30 minutes and 24 hours, which was blocked entirely by inhibitors for factor B, C3, C5, and heparan sulfate. However, this phenomenon could not be replicated in cell-free plasma, highlighting the requirement for cell surface deposition of complement and interactions with heparan sulfate. Additional functional analysis revealed that complement-dependent granulocyte and monocyte activation was delayed. Indeed, C5aR1 internalisation and CD11b upregulation on these cells only occurred after 24 hours. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 is a non-canonical complement activator that triggers the alternative pathway through interactions with heparan sulfate.

Free and conjugated plasma catecholamines in pheochromocytoma patients with and without sustained hypertension

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M. Puyó ◽  
Gloria M. Levin ◽  
Inés Armando ◽  
Marta B. Barontini
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Sustained Hypertension ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Free Plasma ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Group 1

Abstract. Ten pheochromocytoma patients, five with paroxysmal hypertension (Group 1), five with sustained hypertension (Group 2) and 15 normals were studied to determine the relationship between differential secretion of the catecholamines (CA) or differences in their sulphoconjugation and the hypertension patterns in these patients. Group 1 patients were studied in the normotensive period. A consistent finding in this study is that permanent hypertensive patients showed the highest free and conjugated norepinephrine (NE) levels while paroxysmal patients studied during the normotensive period showed the highest conjugated epinephrine (E) levels. Although no significant difference was found in levels of free plasma epinephrine in the Group 1 patients, in the ratio of total plasma E/NE, E was clearly predominant. No significant differences could be found in the degree of the per cent conjugation of individual catecholamines between both groups of patients. Group 1 showed a higher (P < 0.05) E and a lower dopamine (DA) per cent conjugation than controls. In conclusion, although the dominant type of CA secreted seems to be the main factor in determining the hypertension pattern, sulphoconjugation ability may also play an important role.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Platelets and Bacteria

Blood ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Kahn ◽  
Linda J. Flinton
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Platelet Concentrates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Free Plasma

Abstract In an attempt to clarify conflicting reports as to whether blood platelets are bactericidal, platelets were artificially contaminated with seven different bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecaiis, and Sarcina lutea. Employing many variations in the circumstances of the exposure, platelets were bactericidal for only Bacillus and possibly Sarcina. When platelet concentrates were contaminated with bacteria and left at room temperature for 48 hr, all organisms but one (Sarcina) grew out of control. However, this organism was also killed in cell-free plasma. The presence of platelets in plasma was found to enhance the growth of some organisms. These experiments indicate that platelets not only have a very limited bactericidal capability, but can protect certain bacteria from death due to other blood components.

Factor Xa-driven thrombin generation in plasma: Dependency on the aminophospholipid density of membranes and inhibition by phospholipid-binding proteins

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1056-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Wielders ◽  
Lisette Ungethüm ◽  
Chris Reutelingsperger ◽  
Edouard Bevers ◽  
Theo Lindhout
Keyword(s):  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Initiation Phase ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Plasma Factor ◽  
Platelet Concentration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Free Plasma

SummaryPhosphatidylserine (PS) externalization of activated platelets plays a pivotal role in haemostasis and thrombosis. In the present study we have explored the relationship between the PS density of membranes and the rate of thrombin generation in plasma. Factor (F)Xa-initiated thrombin generation was measured in platelet-free plasma (PFP) containing either phospholipid vesicles of varying PS-content or non-stimulated platelets (reconstituted PRP). The duration of the initiation phase of FXa-driven thrombin generation decreased dramatically with increasing PS density. Concomitantly, the maximal rate of thrombin generation during the propagation phase (maxR) increased non-linearly, with the steepest incline between 5 and 10 mol% PS. Titration of FVa into plasma containing 2 mol% PS increased maxR proportionally and diminished the lag phase. In contrast, platelet-dependent thrombin generation was not influenced by addition of FVa. With increasing platelet concentration, the duration of the initiation phase drastically decreased, and maxR increased proportionally. At a physiologically relevant platelet concentration, maxR corresponded with the maxR found with 2 µM of 10 mol% PS. Annexin A5 (AnxA5) and lactadherin appeared to be powerful inhibitors of in-situ thrombin generation under all conditions examined, with AnxA5 being three- to fourfold more potent than lactadherin. In conclusion, maximal thrombin generation in plasma requires membranes with a density of 10–20 mol% PS. Our data further indicate that thrombin formed in situ induces externalization of PS to approx 10 mol% in a substantial platelet subpopulation.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Tinkering with cognitive gadgets: Cultural evolutionary psychology meets active inference

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Benjamin Badcock ◽  
Axel Constant ◽  
Maxwell James Désormeau Ramstead
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Innovative Research ◽  
Cognitive Faculties ◽  
Cultural Evolutionary ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cognitive Gadgets offers a new, convincing perspective on the origins of our distinctive cognitive faculties, coupled with a clear, innovative research program. Although we broadly endorse Heyes’ ideas, we raise some concerns about her characterisation of evolutionary psychology and the relationship between biology and culture, before discussing the potential fruits of examining cognitive gadgets through the lens of active inference.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

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