Increase in Titer of Rabbit Anti-Human Serum after Addition of Normal Rabbit Serum

Vox Sanguinis ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
D. Nelken ◽  
Z. Welner
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE FORMATION OF THE PENICILLIN ANTIGEN

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard B. Levine ◽  
Zoltan Ovary
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mixed Disulfide ◽  
Diastereomeric Mixture ◽  
Potassium Penicillin

An excess of D-benzylpenicillenic acid (BPE) was reacted with human γ-globulin, human serum albumin, gelatin, and poly-L-lysine in aqueous solution buffered at pH 7.5–8.0. Under these conditions, BPE reacted predominantly with lysine ϵ-amino groups of the proteins to form the mixture of diastereomers of ϵ-N-(D-α-benzylpenicilloyl)-lysine groups (Di-BPO-Lys). BPE reacted also, but to a considerably smaller extent, with cystine disulfide linkages of human γ-globulin and human serum albumin to form D-benzylpenicillenic acid-cysteine mixed disulfide groups (BPE-SS-Cys). Conjugates containing large numbers of BPE or D-penicillamine mixed disulfide groups were prepared by reaction of BPE or D-penicillamine with thiolated human γ-globulin under mild oxidizing conditions. Anti-penicillin antibodies were produced in rabbits by immunization with either potassium penicillin G (PG) or a preincubated mixture of PG with normal rabbit serum (PG-NRS) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Specific precipitation analyses in aqueous and gel media (Ouchterlony), PCA analyses, and specific inhibition of these reactions with haptens were carried out on the rabbit anti-PG and anti-(PG-NRS) sera, using the above conjugates as antigens. The anti-penicillin antibodies were found to be directed against the diastereomeric mixture of N-(D-α-benzylpenicilloyl) groups, predominantly the Di-BPO-Lys groups. By these techniques, no antibodies directed against the BPE-mixed disulfide or the D-penicillamine mixed disulfide groups were detected. Three out of six patients with histories of allergic reactions to PG responded with wheal-and-erythema reactions to the N-(D-α-benzylpenicilloyl) (BPO) groups contained in BPE-human gamma globulin conjugate. Another such patient exhibited serum antibodies specific for the BPO group. One patient being treated with 25 gm per day of PG showed the presence of non-dialyzable antigenic BPO-conjugates in his serum. These results demonstrate that the diastereomeric BPO groups (predominantly Di-BPO-Lys groups) are major antigenic determinant groups responsible for PG hypersensitivity in rabbits and human beings. The possible clinical usefulness of multivalent Di-BPO conjugates and univalent Di-BPO haptens is discussed.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SERUM ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTION OF A BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN

1956 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leighton E. Cluff
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Immunological Reaction ◽  
Beta Globulin ◽  
Zone Electrophoresis ◽  
Polysaccharide Antigens ◽  
Relationship Of

Contact of a purified endotoxin from Shigella fiexneri Type Z with normal rabbit or human serum results in an alteration of its immunological reaction with antiserum, as determined by precipitation in gel. Analysis of fractions of normal serum obtained by zone electrophoresis in starch indicates that the component responsible for altering the immunological reaction of endotoxin is associated with beta globulin. Normal serum has no similar effect on the immunological reaction of a variety of other protein and polysaccharide antigens. Serum from rabbits made tolerant to the pyrogenic action of an endotoxin from Serratia marcescens (P-35) possesses the ability to alter the reaction of Shigella endotoxin with its specific antiserum, although the serum from tolerant rabbits does not significantly enhance the pyrogenicity of Shigella toxm. The component of normal rabbit serum responsible for the effect on the immunological reaction of Shigella endotoxin is not destroyed by heating at 56°C. The possible relationship of the effect of normal serum on the immunological reaction of endotoxin and the augmentation of fever induced by endotoxins is discussed.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDY ON THE CULTURAL CONDITIONS OF LEPTOSPIRA (SPIROCHÆTA) ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ

1918 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Isotonic Salt Solution

1. The presence of suitable animal or human serum is essential for the cultivation of Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ. 2. The nutrient value of serum is considerably reduced by heating to 60°C. for 30 minutes and is destroyed by boiling (100°C). Filtration through a Berkefeld filter does not diminish the nutrient value of the serum. 3. The cultural value of different animal sera varies considerably. It is entirely absent from the sera of the rat and the pig. The sera of the rabbit, horse, and goat are better suited for the growth of the organism than those of the guinea pig, sheep, donkey, or calf. Human serum is suitable, but not ascitic fluid. 4. Fresh or heated emulsions of the liver, kidney, heart muscle, or testicle of the normal guinea pig or rabbit have no cultural value for the organism. The same may be said of both the white and yolk of the hen's egg. 5. A luxuriant growth takes place in a medium of Ringer's solution to which more than 10 per cent of normal rabbit serum is added. There is only moderate growth with 5 per cent of serum, and none when less than 2 per cent is present. The use of an undiluted serum offers no advantage over a diluted one, provided the latter contains at least 10 per cent of serum. In the case of certain animal sera dilution seems to make them more suitable for cultivation purposes, owing perhaps to its reduction of their inherent alkalinity. 6. The tonicity of the culture medium has but little influence upon the growth and morphology of the organism. A medium containing distilled water as diluent or one containing 8 per cent sodium chloride seems to give identical results. The viability of the organism was greatest in a medium in which Ringer's solution or isotonic salt solution was used as diluent. 7. The reaction of the medium is an important factor in the cultivation of the organism, which thrives most vigorously in a medium of which the reaction is slightly alkaline, not exceeding that of the serum. If the reaction is neutral, the growth is meager, and the culture is short lived. When the reaction of a medium becomes alkaline by the addition of a small amount of sodium hydroxide, or faintly acid by the addition of a little hydrochloric acid, no growth can take place. 8. Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ is an obligatory aerobe. Any hindrance to the access of oxygen constitutes an unfavorable factor in obtaining a culture. 9. The addition of carbohydrates to media has no perceptible effect upon the growth or morphology of the organism. The reaction of the media is not modified by their presence. 10. Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ grows at any temperature between 37° and 10°C., the optimum zone being 30–37°C. Growth proceeds more rapidly at 37°C. than at 30° or at 25°, but the cultures remain viable much longer at the latter temperatures. No growth takes place at 42°C. 11. Three different media are described for the cultivation of freshly isolated strains. After prolonged cultivation on these media a strain may be readily cultivated in a serum diluted with Ringer's or isotonic salt solution.

Identification of Maize Rayado Fino Virus by Immunoelectron Microscopy

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Far North ◽  
Maize Rayado Fino Virus ◽  
Antibody Coating

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).

Localization of oxytocin and neurophysin in baboon (Papio anubis) corpus luteum by immunocytochemistry

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firyal S. Khan-Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Luteal Cells ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Immunocytochemical Reaction

Abstract. Immunoreactive oxytocin is detectable in the corpora lutea of women and cynomolgus monkeys by radioimmunoassay. To localize the presence of oxytocin and neurophysin I in ovarian tissues of subhuman primates, three corpora lutea and ovarian stromal tissues and two Fallopian tubes obtained during the menstrual cycle of the baboon and decidua from two pregnant baboons were examined using highly specific antisera against either oxytocin or neurophysin I and preoxidase-antiperoxidase light microscopy immunohistochemistry. Oxytocin-like as well as neurophysin I-like immunoreactivities were found in some cells of all the corpora lutea only, but could not be demonstrated in ovarian stromal tissues, Fallopian tubes and decidua. Specificity of the immunocytochemical reaction was further confirmed by immunoabsorption of the antiserum with excess oxytocin or neurophysin, after which the immunoreactivities for both oxytocin and neurophysin in the luteal tissue were negative. Similar controls using normal rabbit serum gave no positive staining for either oxytocin or neurophysin. Counterstaining of the positive immunoreactivities for oxytocin and neurophysin I with Mayer's haematoxylin and eosin demonstrated clearly that the oxytocin and neurophysin I appeared as granular material mainly within the cytoplasm of the luteal cells. The localization of immunoreactive oxytocin and neurophysin I in the corpus luteum of the baboon demonstrates directly the presence of these two neurohypophysial peptides within primate luteal cells and suggests their local production.

scholarly journals Increased cytotoxicity of normal rabbit serum for lectin-resistant mutants of animal cells.

1984 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 1241-1246
Author(s):  
C Jones
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Cytotoxic Action ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Alternate Complement Pathway ◽  
Surface Carbohydrates ◽  
Naturally Occurring Antibodies

Plant lectins are cytotoxic and can be used to select for mutants of animal cells that exhibit structural changes in cell surface carbohydrates reflecting glycosylation defects. We isolated eight lectin mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that appear to represent three different phenotype classes. These lectin mutants were much more sensitive to the cytotoxic action of normal rabbit serum (NRS) than were the parental cells. This increased cytotoxicity was heat sensitive, specifically absorbed, and inhibited by simple and complex carbohydrates. No killing was observed under conditions in which only the alternate complement pathway was active. An NRS-resistant subclone that was isolated from one lectin mutant was shown to have also regained wild type behavior when tested with the lectins. The possibility that naturally occurring antibodies in rabbit serum are reacting with incomplete carbohydrate chains on the surface of the lectin mutants is discussed.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SALICYLATES ON THE PRECIPITATION OF ANTIGEN WITH ANTIBODY

1943 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin F. Coburn ◽  
Eleanor M. Kapp
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sodium Salicylate ◽  
Sodium Tungstate ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Immune Precipitation ◽  
Lyotropic Series

1. Sodium salicylate modifies the precipitation of normal rabbit serum protein by sodium tungstate, and partially inhibits the precipitation of horse serum euglobulin by rabbit antiserum. Sodium salicylate added to a system containing crystalline egg albumin and its antibody partly prevents the formation of precipitate, the degree of inhibition being related to the concentration of salicylate. 2. Precipitation in the equivalence zone is more readily prevented by salicylate than precipitation in the region of antibody excess, the immune system becoming progressively less sensitive to the action of salicylate as the excess of antibody becomes larger. 3. Formed precipitates were partly dissolved following resuspension in the presence of salicylate. 4. The salicylate effect on immune precipitation is reversible, and appears to be due to inactivation of antibody. 5. Salicylate was more effective in preventing specific precipitation than other anions of a lyotropic series tested.

Central administration of alpha-MSH antiserum augments fever in the rabbit

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (5) ◽  
pp. R803-R806 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Shih ◽  
O. Khorram ◽  
J. M. Lipton ◽  
S. M. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Average Rise ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antipyretic Action

alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) has a marked antipyretic action when given centrally or peripherally, and the concentration of this peptide within the septal region of the brain increases during fever. To assess the significance of endogenous central alpha-MSH in fever, antiserum was given to rabbits via a cannula implanted in the third cerebral ventricle. Each day for 3 days, the animals received 50 microliters of normal rabbit serum (NRS) or an equal volume of antiserum raised against alpha-MSH. Interleukin 1 (IL 1) was then injected intravenously to determine the effect of central immunoneutralization of alpha-MSH on the febrile response. Immunoneutralization markedly prolonged fever. The average rise in temperature and the area under the fever curve after IL 1 injection were also significantly increased. Antiserum treatment did not alter normal body temperature, and NRS had no effect on IL 1-induced fever. These results indicate that endogenous central alpha-MSH contributes to physiological limitation of fever and that the role of this peptide in temperature regulation is relevant to the febrile state but not to normothermia.

Mechanism of oleic acid-induced inhibition on gastric acid secretion in rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (4) ◽  
pp. G564-G570 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Rhee ◽  
T. M. Chang ◽  
K. Y. Lee ◽  
Y. H. Jo ◽  
W. Y. Chey
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Anesthetized Rats ◽  
Acid Acid

We investigated the existence of an enterogastrone in rats induced by duodenal administration of oleic acid. Acid secretion by the luminally perfused stomach was stimulated in anesthetized rats by intravenous infusion of 0.3 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 pentagastrin. Intraduodenal administration of 3 mmol of oleic acid produced a profound inhibition (94%) of pentagastrin-stimulated acid output in 10 rats (P less than 0.01). Of several peptides in plasma including secretin, neurotensin, somatostatin, and peptide YY, only secretin was found to increase significantly (P less than 0.001). A similar degree of inhibition of acid output (93%) was caused by porcine secretin, 5.6 pmol.kg-1.h-1, given intravenously to mimic the plasma level of secretin produced by oleic acid infusion. The inhibitory effect of oleic acid on the acid secretion was completely reversed by intravenous injection of a rabbit antisecretin serum but not by a normal rabbit serum. These observations strongly suggest that the inhibition was mediated via circulating secretin. The inhibition produced by either oleic acid or secretin was completely blocked by indomethacin. The blocking action was completely reversed by intravenous administration of 48 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 prostaglandin E2. We conclude that endogenous secretin is a major enterogastrone released by oleic acid in anesthetized rats and that the inhibitory action of secretin requires endogenous prostaglandins.

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