scholarly journals The Placenta, Maternal Diet and Adipose Tissue Development in the Newborn

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Symonds ◽  
Ian Bloor ◽  
Shalini Ojha ◽  
Helen Budge
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Obesogenic Diet ◽  
Adipose Tissue Development

Background: A majority of adipose tissue present in the newborn possess the unique mitochondrial protein, uncoupling protein (UCP1). It is thus highly metabolically active and capable of producing 300 times more heat per unit mass than any other organ in the body. The extent to which maternal obesity and/or an obesogenic diet impacts on placental function thereby resetting the relative distribution of different types of fat in the fetus is unknown. Summary: Developmentally the majority (if not all) fat in the fetus can be considered as classical brown fat, in which UCP1 is highly abundant. In contrast, beige (or recruitable) fat which possess 90% less UCP1 may only appear after birth, as a majority of fat depots undergo a pronounced transformation that is usually accompanied by the loss of UCP1. The extent to which this process can be modulated in a depot-specific manner and/or changes in the maternal metabolic environment remain unknown. Key Messages: An increased understanding of the mechanism by which offspring born to mothers possess excessive adipose tissue could enable sustainable interventions designed to promote the abundance of UCP1 possessing adipocytes. Ultimately, this would increase their energy expenditure and improve glucose homeostasis in these individuals.

scholarly journals Brown adipose tissue development and function and its impact on reproduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 238 (1) ◽  
pp. R53-R62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E Symonds ◽  
Peter Aldiss ◽  
Neele Dellschaft ◽  
James Law ◽  
Hernan P Fainberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Fat Depot

Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) is one of the smallest organs in the body, it has the potential to have a substantial impact on both heat production as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism. This is most apparent at birth, which is characterised with the rapid appearance and activation of the BAT specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)1 in many large mammals. The amount of brown fat then gradually declines with age, an adaptation that can be modulated by the thermal environment. Given the increased incidence of maternal obesity and its potential transmission to the mother’s offspring, increasing BAT activity in the mother could be one mechanism to prevent this cycle. To date, however, all rodent studies investigating maternal obesity have been conducted at standard laboratory temperature (21°C), which represents an appreciable cold challenge. This could also explain why offspring weight is rarely increased, suggesting that future studies would benefit from being conducted at thermoneutrality (~28°C). It is also becoming apparent that each fat depot has a unique transcriptome and show different developmental pattern, which is not readily apparent macroscopically. These differences could contribute to the retention of UCP1 within the supraclavicular fat depot, the most active depot in adult humans, increasing heat production following a meal. Despite the rapid increase in publications on BAT over the past decade, the extent to which modifications in diet and/or environment can be utilised to promote its activity in the mother and/or her offspring remains to be established.

Brown adipose tissue development in the ovine foetus during the final month of gestation

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
L. Clarke ◽  
S. van de Waal ◽  
M. A. Lomax ◽  
M. E. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adipose Tissue Development ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Thermogenic Capacity

In the ovine foetus brown adipose tissue (BAT) is mainly found in the perirenal region and grows rapidly relative to body weight between 70 to 120 days of gestation (Alexander, 1978). After this stage only a small amount of BAT growth occurs in comparison with that of the whole foetus, and in the case of undernutrition may decline (Alexander, 1978). Maternal cold stress, induced by winter shearing twin-bearing pregnant ewes 8 weeks before parturition improves lamb birth weight and lamb growth rate independently of effects on maternal food intake (Symonds, Bryant and Lomax, 1986 and 1990). At the same time this can stimulate the in vivo capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis in newborn lambs (Stott and Slee, 1985). The following study extends these findings by investigating the extent to which changing the maternal metabolic environment influences BAT development over the final month of gestation.Thirty-two Bluefaced Leicester × Swaledale ewes were housed individually at ambient temperature (−6 to 19°C) 6 weeks prior to lambing and 2 weeks later 15 ewes were shorn. Ewes were offered daily a diet comprising 200 g barley concentrate and 1 kg chopped hay. Between 116 and 145 days of gestation and within 2 h of birth ewes were humanely slaughtered with an overdose of barbiturate and foetal or neonatal perirenal BAT sampled, born from shorn or unshorn ewes. The thermogenic capacity of BAT was assessed by guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) binding to uncoupling protein in mitochondrial preparations (Cooper, Dascombe, Rothwell and Vale, 1989) and the amount of mitochondrial protein measured from cytochrome Coxidase activity.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Underlying the Cognitive and Behavioural Effects of Maternal Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Kyoko Hasebe ◽  
Michael D. Kendig ◽  
Margaret J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Obesogenic Diet

The widespread consumption of ‘western’-style diets along with sedentary lifestyles has led to a global epidemic of obesity. Epidemiological, clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that maternal obesity, overnutrition and unhealthy dietary patterns programs have lasting adverse effects on the physical and mental health of offspring. We review currently available preclinical and clinical evidence and summarise possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms by which maternal overnutrition may perturb offspring cognitive function, affective state and psychosocial behaviour, with a focus on (1) neuroinflammation; (2) disrupted neuronal circuities and connectivity; and (3) dysregulated brain hormones. We briefly summarise research implicating the gut microbiota in maternal obesity-induced changes to offspring behaviour. In animal models, maternal obesogenic diet consumption disrupts CNS homeostasis in offspring, which is critical for healthy neurodevelopment, by altering hypothalamic and hippocampal development and recruitment of glial cells, which subsequently dysregulates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. The adverse effects of maternal obesogenic diets are also conferred through changes to hormones including leptin, insulin and oxytocin which interact with these brain regions and neuronal circuits. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may directly and indirectly contribute to these maternal diet effects in both human and animal studies. As the specific pathways shaping abnormal behaviour in offspring in the context of maternal obesogenic diet exposure remain unknown, further investigations are needed to address this knowledge gap. Use of animal models permits investigation of changes in neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter activity and hormones across global brain network and sex differences, which could be directly and indirectly modulated by the gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Enhanced nutritionally induced adipose tissue development in mice with stromelysin-1 gene inactivation

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (04) ◽  
pp. 696-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Maquoi ◽  
Diego Demeulemeester ◽  
Gabor Vörös ◽  
Désire Collen ◽  
H. Lijnen
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Research Society ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Development ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Adipose Tissue Development ◽  
Adipocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Deficient Mice

SummaryTo investigate a potential role of stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) in development of adipose tissue, 5 week old male MMP-3 deficient mice (MMP-3-/-) and wild-type (MMP-3+/+) controls were kept on a high fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. MMP-3-/- mice were hyperphagic and gained more weight than the MMP-3+/+ mice. At the time of sacrifice, the body weight of the MMP-3-/- mice was significantly higher than that of the MMP-3+/+ mice, as was the weight of the isolated subcutaneous (SC) and gonadal (GON) fat deposits. Significant adipocyte hypertrophy was observed in the GON but not in the SC adipose tissue of MMP-3-/- mice. Fasting plasma glucose and cholesterol levels were comparable in both genotypes, whereas triglyceride levels were significantly lower in MMP-3-/- mice. Staining with an endothelial cell specific lectin revealed a significantly higher blood vessel density and larger total stained area in the GON adipose tissues of MMP-3-/- mice. Thus, in a murine model of nutritionally induced obesity, MMP-3 impairs adipose tissue development, possibly by affecting food intake and/or adipose tissue-related angiogenesis.Theme paper: Part of this paper was originally presented at the joint meetings of the 16th International Congress of the International Society of Fibrinolysis and Proteolysis (ISFP) and the 17th International Fibrinogen Workshop of the International Fibrinogen Research Society (IFRS) held in Munich, Germany, September, 2002.

Artifactual uncoupling by uncoupling protein 3 in yeast mitochondria at the concentrations found in mouse and rat skeletal-muscle mitochondria

2001 ◽  
Vol 361 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. HARPER ◽  
Jeff A. STUART ◽  
Mika B. JEKABSONS ◽  
Damien ROUSSEL ◽  
Kevin M. BRINDLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Yeast Mitochondria ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Uncoupling Protein 3 ◽  
Brown Adipose

Western blots detected uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in skeletal-muscle mitochondria from wild-type but not UCP3 knock-out mice. Calibration with purified recombinant UCP3 showed that mouse and rat skeletal muscle contained 0.14μg of UCP3/mg of mitochondrial protein. This very low UCP3 content is 200–700-fold less than the concentration of UCP1 in brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria from warm-adapted hamster (24–84μg of UCP1/mg of mitochondrial protein). UCP3 was present in brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria from warm-adapted rats but was undetectable in rat heart mitochondria. We expressed human UCP3 in yeast mitochondria at levels similar to, double and 7-fold those found in rodent skeletal-muscle mitochondria. Yeast mitochondria containing UCP3 were more uncoupled than empty-vector controls, particularly at concentrations that were 7-fold physiological. However, uncoupling by UCP3 was not stimulated by the known activators palmitate and superoxide; neither were they inhibited by GDP, suggesting that the observed uncoupling was a property of non-native protein. As a control, UCP1 was expressed in yeast mitochondria at similar concentrations to that of UCP3 and at up to 50% of the physiological level of UCP1. Low levels of UCP1 gave palmitate-dependent and GDP-sensitive proton conductance but higher levels of UCP1 caused an additional GDP-insensitive uncoupling artifact. We conclude that the uncoupling of yeast mitochondria by high levels of UCP3 expression is entirely an artifact and provides no evidence for any native uncoupling activity of the protein.

ON BODY FAT AND BODY WATER IN RATS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 970-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Marie Babineau ◽  
Edouard Pagé
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Free Body

Under our experimental conditions, water represented 72% of the fat-free body mass. This constant was found to be completely independent of the magnitude of the fat depots. Consideration of the composition of various samples of adipose tissue suggests that the water to fat-free dry matter ratio is the same as in the body as a whole or that any "excess" water contributed by adipose tissue is so small in absolute amounts as to leave the global ratio essentially undisturbed. Rats exposed to cold had to draw on their fat stores during the first month of exposure but later replenished their energy reserves. The water to fat-free dry matter ratio was not affected.

Influence of t-PA and u-PA on Adipose Tissue Development in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (02) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E. Morange ◽  
D. Bastelica ◽  
M.F. Bonzi ◽  
B. Van Hoef ◽  
D. Collen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Tissue Development ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Adipose Tissue Development

SummaryTo investigate the potential role of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) or urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in development of adipose tissue, we have used a nutritionally induced obesity model in t-PA (t-PA−/−) and u-PA (u-PA−/−) deficient mice. Five week old male wild-type (WT), t-PA−/− or u-PA−/− mice (n = 9 to 16) were fed a high fat diet (HFD, 42% fat). After 16 weeks of HFD, the body weight of t-PA−/− mice was significantly higher than that of WT mice (48 ± 1.1 g vs. 39 ± 2.2 g, p = 0.004). The total weight of the isolated subcutaneous (sc) fat deposit was higher in t-PA−/− than in WT mice (2.4 ± 0.22 g vs. 1.2 ± 0.29 g, p = 0.002), accompanied with higher adipocyte diameters (80 ± 1.7 µm vs. 61 ± 4.7 µm, p < 0.01). These differences were not observed in the intra-abdominal fat deposit. The number of stroma cells in both adipose tissue territories was increased in t-PA−/− as compared to WT mice (2.0 ± 0.13 vs. 1.5 ± 0.10 p = 0.02 and 3.0 ± 0.17 vs 1.6 ± 0.17, p = 0.0001, stroma cells/ adipocytes in sc and intra-abdominal tissue, respectively), partly as a result of an increased number of endothelial cells (192 ± 9 vs. 154 ± 18 p = 0.06 and 108 ± 13 vs. 69 ± 8 p = 0.04 CD31 stained/adipocyte area). In contrast the weight gain and adipose tissue development in u-PA−/− mice was not different from that in WT mice. These data suggest that t-PA but not u-PA plays a role in adipose tissue development.

scholarly journals Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Cardiometabolic Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Anna Meiliana ◽  
Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
Nitric Oxide Signaling ◽  
Fat Depots

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms underlying these associations are incompletely understood. Microvascular dysfunction may play an important role in the pathogenesis of both insulin resistance and hypertension in obesity.CONTENT: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a local deposit of adipose tissue surrounding the vasculature. PVAT is present throughout the body and has been shown to have a local effect on blood vessels. The influence of PVAT on the vasculature changes with increasing adiposity. PVAT similarly to other fat depots, is metabolically active, secreting a wide array of bioactive substances, termed ‘adipokines’. Adipokines include cytokines, chemokines and hormones that can act in a paracrine, autocrine or endocrine fashion. Many of the proinflammatory adipokines upregulated in obesity are known to influence vascular function, including endothelial function, oxidative stress, vascular stiffness and smooth muscle migration. Adipokines also stimulate immune cell migration into the vascular wall, potentially contributing to the inflammation found in atherosclerosis. Finally, adipokines modulate the effect of insulin on the vasculature, thereby decreasing insulin-mediated muscle glucose uptake. This leads to alterations in nitric oxide signaling, insulin resistance and potentially atherogenesis.SUMMARY: PVAT surrounds blood vessels. PVAT and the adventitial layer of blood vessels are in direct contact with each other. Healthy PVAT secretes adipokines and regulates vascular function. Obesity is associated with changes in adipokine secretion and the resultant inflammation of PVAT. The dysregulation of adipokines changes the effect of PVAT on the vasculature. Changes in perivascular adipokines secretion in obesity appear to contribute to the development of obesity-mediated vascular disease.KEYWORDS: obesity, perivascular adipose tissue, PVAT, cardiometabolic disease, adipokine

ON BODY FAT AND BODY WATER IN RATS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 970-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Marie Babineau ◽  
Edouard Pagé
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Free Body

Under our experimental conditions, water represented 72% of the fat-free body mass. This constant was found to be completely independent of the magnitude of the fat depots. Consideration of the composition of various samples of adipose tissue suggests that the water to fat-free dry matter ratio is the same as in the body as a whole or that any "excess" water contributed by adipose tissue is so small in absolute amounts as to leave the global ratio essentially undisturbed. Rats exposed to cold had to draw on their fat stores during the first month of exposure but later replenished their energy reserves. The water to fat-free dry matter ratio was not affected.

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