scholarly journals Nutritive and Bioactive Proteins in Breastmilk

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Haschke ◽  
Nadja Haiden ◽  
Sagar K. Thakkar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids

Protein ingested with breast milk provides indispensable amino acids which are necessary for new protein synthesis for growth and replacement of losses via urine, feces, and the skin. Protein gain in the body of an infant is highest during the first months when protein concentrations in breast milk are higher than during later stages of lactation. Low-birth-weight infants have higher protein needs than term infants and need protein supplements during feeding with breastmilk. Based on our better understanding of protein evolution in breastmilk during the stages of lactation, new infant formulas with lower protein concentration but better protein quality have been created, successfully tested, and are now available in many countries. Besides providing indispensable amino acids, bioactive protein in breast milk can be broadly classified into 4 major functions, that is, providing protection from microbial insults and immune protection, aiding in digestive functions, gut development, and being carriers for other nutrients. Individual proteins and their proposed bioactivities are summarized in this paper in brief. Indeed, some proteins like lactoferrin and sIgA have been extensively studied for their biological functions, whereas others may require more data in support to further validate their proposed functions.

Nutritive and Bioactive Proteins in Breastmilk

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Haschke ◽  
◽  
Nadja Haiden ◽  
Sagar K. Thakkar ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bioactive Proteins ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids

Protein ingested with breast milk provides indispensable amino acids which are necessary for new protein synthesis for growth and replacement of losses via urine, feces, and the skin. Protein gain in the body of an infant is highest during the first months when protein concentrations in breast milk are higher than during later stages of lactation. Low-birth-weight infants have higher protein needs than term infants and need protein supplements during feeding with breastmilk. Based on our better understanding of protein evolution in breastmilk during the stages of lactation, new infant formulas with lower protein concentration but better protein quality have been created, successfully tested, and are now available in many countries. Besides providing indispensable amino acids, bioactive protein in breast milk can be broadly classified into 4 major functions, that is, providing protection from microbial insults and immune protection, aiding in digestive functions, gut development, and being carriers for other nutrients. Individual proteins and their proposed bioactivities are summarized in this paper in brief. Indeed, some proteins like lactoferrin and sIgA have been extensively studied for their biological functions, whereas others may require more data in support to further validate their proposed functions. Keywords: protein requirements for growth, nutritive proteins, bioactive proteins, bioactive peptides, infants, breastmilk, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins

scholarly journals Are Dietary Amino Acids or Protein Quality Associated with Infant Length Gain from 6 to 12 Months in Rural Malawi? (P10-010-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Matchado ◽  
Kathryn Dewey ◽  
Christine Stewart ◽  
Per Ashorn ◽  
Ulla Ashorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Complementary Food ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Intake ◽  
Length Gain

Abstract Objectives 1) to estimate the probability of inadequate amino acid intake among infants 9–10 months of age in rural Malawi 2) to evaluate whether dietary amino acid intake or protein quality are associated with length gain from 6 to 12 months of age Methods We assessed total amino acid intake from breast milk and complementary foods in 285 infants. Breast milk intake and complementary foods were estimated using dose-to-mother deuterium oxide dilution method and repeat 4-pass interactive 24-hour recall interviews, respectively. Amino acid composition values were taken from FAO human milk profile, Tanzania Food Composition table and International Minilist. Protein quality was estimated using Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS). Probability of intake below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for each amino acid was estimated using National Cancer Institute (NCI) method. We estimated protein quality of complementary food using median DIAAS. We assumed a DIAAS of ≥0.75 to represent a diet or food with good protein quality. Relationships between amino acid intake or protein quality with length gain were assessed using regression models. Length was measured at 6 and 12 months of age and length for age z-score (LAZ) velocity was calculated (ΔLAZ/months). Results The probability of inadequate amino acid intake from breast milk and complementary food that included a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) was 3% for lysine, 0% for tryptophan, threonine, valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, sulfur containing amino acids (SAA), and aromatic amino acids (AAA). Without LNS, the probability was 7% for lysine and 0–2% for the other amino acids. The median (interquartile range) DIAAS for complementary food with and without LNS was 0.70 (0.28) and 0.64 (0.32), respectively. Dietary amino acid intake and protein quality were not significantly associated with length gain velocity from 6 to 12 months even after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusions The prevalence of inadequate amino acid intake in 9–10 months old infants in rural Malawi is very low. However, in conditions of frequent clinical or sub-clinical infections this situation may be different. Linear growth at 6–12 months does not appear to be limited by dietary amino acid intake or protein quality in this setting. Funding Sources The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Amino Acids in Premature Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-680
Author(s):  
NIELS C. R. RÄIHÄ
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Metabolic Capacity ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Infants

To the Editor.— In a recent paper in Pediatrics, Heird et al1 reported their evaluation of the use of a new amino acid mixture for parenteral nutrition in low birth weight infants. On the basis of their results the authors made the following statement: "These observations refute the concept that the metabolic capacity of LBW infants for amino acids is limited in comparison to that of term infants, older infants, and chi1dren."1(p49) Such a conclusion is not justified on the basis of the presented data.

scholarly journals Modulating protein adsorption onto hydroxyapatite particles using different amino acid treatments

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (70) ◽  
pp. 918-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wing-Hin Lee ◽  
Ching-Yee Loo ◽  
Kim Linh Van ◽  
Alexander V. Zavgorodniy ◽  
Ramin Rohanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Adsorption ◽  
Langmuir Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Phase ◽  
Adsorption Ability ◽  
Adsorption Study ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Positively Charged

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a material of choice for bone grafts owing to its chemical and structural similarities to the mineral phase of hard tissues. The combination of osteogenic proteins with HA materials that carry and deliver the proteins to the bone-defective areas will accelerate bone regeneration. The study investigated the treatment of HA particles with different amino acids such as serine (Ser), asparagine (Asn), aspartic acid (Asp) and arginine (Arg) to enhance the adsorption ability of HA carrier for delivering therapeutic proteins to the body. The crystallinity of HA reduced when amino acids were added during HA preparation. Depending on the types of amino acid, the specific surface area of the amino acid-functionalized HA particles varied from 105 to 149 m 2 g –1 . Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme were used as model proteins for adsorption study. The protein adsorption onto the surface of amino acid-functionalized HA depended on the polarities of HA particles, whereby, compared with lysozyme, BSA demonstrated higher affinity towards positively charged Arg-HA. Alternatively, the binding affinity of lysozyme onto the negatively charged Asp-HA was higher when compared with BSA. The BSA and lysozyme adsorptions onto the amino acid-functionalized HA fitted better into the Freundlich than Langmuir model. The amino acid-functionalized HA particles that had higher protein adsorption demonstrated a lower protein-release rate.

scholarly journals BREAST MILK AFFECTS CHILD MORBIDITY STATUS: AN UNEXPLORED EVIDENCE FROM AYURVEDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Vinay Sharma ◽  
Nisha Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Child Morbidity ◽  
Functional Factors ◽  
Wet Nurse

Breast milk is the main diet of infants as it provides all the nutrients for normal growth and development of a baby from the time of birth to the first 6 months of life. This dynamic fluid provides a diverse array of bioactive substances to the developing infant during critical periods of brain, immune system and gut development. In Ayurveda though breast milk is vital for children and infants but it may be vitiated with Dosha (regulatory functional factors of the body) due to the faulty lifestyle of the Dhatri (wet-nurse or mother) which may lead to various type of morbidities in child according to predominance of Dosha. Ancient Ayurveda scholars have also mentioned effect of breast milk according to taste and texture along with management of morbidities caused by these predominance’s of Dosha. Ayurveda have stressed very much on this aspect and have given a detailed account of abnormalities of breast milk and their consequences. Knowledge of this fact is of key significance for the proper growth and development of a child. Therefore, evidences from Ayurveda have been compiled in this article to understand the effect of breast milk on child morbidity status.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation in Human Diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Tamanna ◽  
Niaz Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Extrahepatic Tissues ◽  
Branched Chain

The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), namely, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, are indispensable amino acids required for body protein synthesis. Unlike other amino acids, the BCAAs are primarily catabolised in the extrahepatic tissues. The BCAAs play role in regulation of protein synthesis and turnover as well as maintenance of the body glutamate-glutamine level. In strenuous and traumatic conditions, the BCAAs are oxidized which limits their availability in tissues. Such condition affects the body glutamate-glutamine pool and protein synthesis mechanisms. Thus BCCA supplementation is emerging as a nutritional strategy for treating many diseases. Many studies have found that BCAA administration is able to improve the health status of the patients suffering from different diseases even though there are conditions where they do not exert any effect. There are also some reports where elevated BCAAs have been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, we have discussed the implication of BCAA supplementation in different pathological conditions and their relevant outcomes.

scholarly journals A Salute to PVT TIM HiLL: Indispensable amino acids and global human health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Berg ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Food Labels ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Quality Item ◽  
Ground Pork ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids

Students are taught the study mnemonic PVT TIM HiLL to memorize nineindispensable amino acids (IAA); Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan,Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Leucine, and Lysine.  The Food and Animal Organization (FAO)recommended IAA be treated as individual nutrients on food labels because‘crude protein’ alone does not indicate protein quality.  Protein quality, determined by digestible IAAscore (DIAAS) is calculated for three life stages; birth to 6 months; 6 monthsto 3 years, and 3 years and older.  Foodspossessing DIAAS greater than 100 are “excellent” protein quality, DIAASbetween 75 and 99 are ‘good’, while foods with DIAAS < 75 cannot make aprotein claim.  Processing, heating,and(or) grinding can decrease or improve plant and animal IAA digestibility.For children six months to three years, ground pork, smoked-cooked bacon,cooked pork leg, cured ham, cooked pork loin, salami, beef/pork bologna, beefjerky, and medium and medium rare beef ribeye steaks can be described‘excellent’.  Cooked ground beef can beclassified as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ depending on the study, while theImpossible and Beyond meat-alternative burgers and well-done ribeye can beclassified as ‘good’ sources of IAA for young children.  For persons > 3 years, all meat categoriesbut cooked ground beef can be classified ‘excellent’ sources of IAA.  For meat alternatives, Impossible Burger®could be classified as ‘excellent’ but Beyond Burger® could only claim to be‘good’.  Protein quality claims forindividual food ingredients can be diminished when consumed with a lowerprotein quality item such as a wheat flour bun. To provide meals that are adequate in all IAA, the protein quality ineach food item must be determined.  Mixedmeals must be adjusted for protein quality by combining low quality proteins(present in cereals and grains) with higher quality proteins (present in foodsof animal origin).

Characterization of whole body compositional growth of male ducks during the twenty-nine day post-hatch period

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Schinckel ◽  
M. E. Einstein ◽  
K. M. Ajuwon ◽  
O. Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Accretion Rates ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Hatch Period

Schinckel, A. P., Einstein, M. E., Ajuwon, K. M. and Adeola, O. 2013. Characterization of whole body compositional growth of male ducks during the twenty-nine day post-hatch period. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 113–122. Changes in whole body dry matter, lipid, ash, energy, crude protein, and amino acids were evaluated during a 29 d post-hatch period in White Pekin ducks. Drakes were assigned to slaughter 1, 8, 15, 22, or 29 d post-hatch with four replicates of four ducks per slaughter period. The body weight (BW) data were fitted to the Weibull function with the form:[Formula: see text]where BWit is the BW of the ith duck at t days of age and A, B, C, and IP are parameters. The value of IP, the inflection point, which minimized the residual SD, was 40 d. Values of A (8591 g, SE=190), B (42.87, SE=11.5), and C (1.7399, SE=0.050) resulted in an R 2 of 0.9836 and residual SD of 83.7 g. Allometric (Y=A BWB), linear-quadratic and exponential (Y=exp (b0+b1BW+b2 (BW)2) functions of BW were fitted to the chemical component and amino acid mass data. Dry matter percentage of the ducks increased (P<0.01) with age. The protein content of the dry matter decreased (P<0.01) from day 1 to day 8 (69 to 58.2%) and then increased to 60% by d 29. Concentrations of several amino acids were affected (P<0.05) by age. The predicted accretion rates of Lys, Trp, and Met relative to protein accretion increased as age increased. The predicted daily accretion rates for major indispensable amino acids increased rapidly the first 5 d post-hatch and subsequently increased but at a decreasing rate to day 29 post-hatch. The relative growth rates of chemical components and indispensable amino acids were affected by age indicating that the nutrient requirements of ducks differ from day 1 to day 29 post-hatch. Compositional growth and amino acid accretion data can be used to model the nutrient requirements of ducks.

scholarly journals Use of the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay to determine standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content, and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of plant-based protein by-products used in canine and feline diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
By Products

Abstract Traditionally, protein by-products from oil seeds and cereal grains have been used in pet foods as sustainable, inexpensive, and protein-rich ingredients. However, the on-going demonization of soy- and corn-based ingredients continue to hinder their use in pet food and treat formulations. Ideally, the further demonstration of their protein quality and nutrient composition may encourage their favorable return as acceptable ingredients in pet foods and treats. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient composition, indispensable amino acid profile, standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content corrected for nitrogen (TMEn), and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of soy flakes (SF), peanut flour (PF), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM). Standardized amino acid digestibility was assessed using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All test ingredients demonstrated a profile of highly digestible indispensable amino acids except for lysine in PF, which was lowest (P &lt; 0.05) at 45.5%. The SBM and CGM had the highest (P &gt; 0.05) digestibilities of indispensable amino acids. A DIAAS-like values was calculated for each ingredient using either AAFCO (2020) recommended values or NRC (2006) recommended allowances as the reference protein pattern. For adult dogs compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was methionine for SF and SBM. For adult cats compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was threonine for SF. There was no first-limiting amino acid in SBM for cats as DIAAS-like values were over 100% for all indispensable amino acids. The TMEn values were highest (P &lt; 0.05) for PF and CGM (4.58 and 4.31 kcal/g [dry matter basis], respectively). The protein quality of these plant-based protein by-products reflect their value as nutritional ingredients for canine and feline diets. However, the prior processing of these by-products must be considered before exposing them to additional processing methods, such as extrusion. Additionally, the inclusion of complementary proteins or supplemental amino acids will be needed to meet all indispensable amino acid requirements for a nutritionally complete and balanced pet food.

scholarly journals Scientific and practical basis for the use of probiotics to improve the quality of poultry products

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
О. S. Оrishchuk ◽  
S. V. Tsap
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Protein Supplements

Science and practice have proved that balanced nutrition involves the intake of the organic, mineral, and biologically active substances in the bird’s body in certain quantities and proportions due to their needs. Balanced poultry feeding is a guarantee of not only high productivity, but also the prevention of diseases that negatively affect the safety of livestock and product quality. Providing poultry with high-quality protein is especially important nowadays. Birds spend more essential amino acids per unit of body weight gain and, accordingly, more of them should be daily supplied to the body with feed. Plant proteins are the basis of grain feeds that contain all eleven essential amino acids required for protein synthesis in the body of chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys. However, it was revealed that most of these amino acids are concentrated in grain in insufficient quantities and cannot fully satisfy the needs of highly productive poultry. As a result, it is necessary to additionally introduce high-protein supplements into the diet as a source of essential amino acids or use synthetic concentrates of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. High-protein supplements are coming in two types – animal and plant-based. From the plant-based ones, soy products are considered the most valuable as a concentrated source of the first limiting amino acid - lysine, and sunflower meal is rich in methionine. And even so, plant-based protein feed is not able to create a complete balance of all essential amino acids. This can be done only if the animal-sourced protein is introduced into the poultry diet in the form of fish meal, meat and bone meal, meat meal, or yeast. Besides, scientific research has proven that yeast can be considered a wonderful natural source of B vitamins. The analysis of scientific research indicates that today there is a wide search and study of various feed supplements that could be a source of complete protein and have in its composition a complete complex of amino acids for birds. There are not enough such high-quality feed additives in Ukraine, and those coming from abroad are distinguished by high cost and are often falsified. Therefore, the use of yeast in poultry diets as long as their industrial production according to the technology based on the state standard is relevant for solving a number of modern poultry farming problems and is of great scientific and practical importance.

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