scholarly journals A Basic Approach to Lymph Node and Flow Cytometry Fine-Needle Cytology

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Barroca ◽  
Cristina Marques
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Fine Needle Biopsy ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
World Health ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Preanalytical Phase ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the new classification of lymphomas is mainly based on morphological, immunophenotypical, and molecular criteria. Consequently, this new approach has led from the substantial role that architecture played in the past to a secondary panel highlighting the role of fine-needle biopsy (FNB). Applied together with other ancillary techniques, such as flow cytometry (FC), FNB is a potential tool for the diagnosis of lymphomas, and enlarged lymph nodes represent an excellent target for the implementation of this technique. Despite the difficulties inherent in this technology, which might pose problems in differential diagnosis, in the majority of cases this joint work allows an accurate diagnosis of malignancy and even correct subcharacterization in routine lymphomas. Additionally, in selected cases, other molecular techniques like FISH and PCR can also be performed on FNB specimens, helping in the characterization and diagnosis of lymphomas. In this review, we discuss the basic aspects of the combination of FNB cytology and FC in the diagnosis and subclassification of lymphomas. The preanalytical phase is extensively discussed. The advantages, disadvantages, and technical limitations of this joint work are addressed in general and in terms of the accurate subclassification of lymphomas.

scholarly journals IMPORTANCE OF CLASSICAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e2015035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosangela Invernizzi ◽  
Federica Quaglia ◽  
Matteo Giovanni Della Porta
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Selection Of

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplastic, ineffective, clonal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. MDS represent a complex hematological problem: differences in disease presentation, progression and outcome  have necessitated the use of classification systems to improve diagnosis, prognostication and treatment selection. However, since a single biological or genetic reliable diagnostic marker has not yet been discovered for MDS, quantitative and qualitative dysplastic morphological alterations of bone marrow precursors and of peripheral blood cells are still fundamental for diagnostic classification. In this paper World Health Organization (WHO) classification refinements and current minimal diagnostic criteria proposed by expert panels are highlighted and related problematic issues are discussed. The recommendations should facilitate diagnostic and prognostic evaluations in MDS and selection of patients for new effective targeted therapies. Although in the future morphology should be supplemented with new molecular techniques, the morphological approach, at least for the moment, is still the cornerstone for the diagnosis and classification of these disorders.

Is Homosexuality Normal?

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-259
Author(s):  
Norman Q. Brill
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Family ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Disturbed Relationships

In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of diagnoses, thereby implying that it is a normal variant of sexual behavior. Since then, when homosexuals have sought professional help for emotional problems, psychiatrists have tended increasingly to assist them to believe that their emotional discomfort is the result of society's bias and intolerance and to accept and enjoy their preference for individuals of the same sex. The World Health Organization, however, still includes homosexuality as a medical diagnosis in the International Classification of Diseases. Normally, a child can be expected to develop into an adult with its genetically determined sex. When a boy who is physically and hormonally normal develops a preference for sex with another male, it is an indication that something is amiss. A pathologic family environment is often present in the family of homosexuals. Yet not all boys exposed to a pathologic family during early development become homosexuals. Because of this, the role of disturbed relationships in causing homosexuality is questioned. However, psychoanalyses of male homosexuals have convincingly revealed the existence of a fear of heterosexuality in individuals with genetically predisposed personalities.

scholarly journals Influence of advanced age on postoperative outcomes and total loss following breast reconstruction: a critical assessment of 560 cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
WALTER KOITI MATSUMOTO ◽  
ALEXANDRE MENDONÇA MUNHOZ ◽  
ALBERTO OKADA ◽  
EDUARDO MONTAG ◽  
EDUARDO GUSTAVO ARRUDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Breast Reconstruction ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the role of age in the risk of postoperative complications in patients submitted to unilateral breast reconstruction after mastectomy, with emphasis on total reconstruction loss. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study of patients submitted to breast reconstruction, whose variables included: oncological and reconstruction data, postoperative complications, including loss of reconstruction and complications of surgical wound. We divided the patients into two groups, according to the classification of the Brazilian National Elderly Policy and the Statute of the Elderly: young (age <60 years) and elderly (60 years or more). We also grouped them according to the World Health Organization classification: young people (age <44 years), middle age (45-59 years); elderly (age 60-89 years) and extreme advanced age (90 years or older). We applied the surgical risk classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists to investigate the role of the preoperative physical state as a possible predictor of complications. Results: of the 560 patients operated on, 94 (16.8%) were 60 years of age or older. We observed a local complication rate of 49.8%, the majority being self-limited. The incidences of necrosis, infection and dehiscence were 15.5%, 10.9% and 9.3%, respectively. Patients older than 60 years presented a chance of complication 1.606 times greater than the younger ones. Forty-five (8%) patients had loss of the reconstruction; there was no statistically significant difference in the mean age of the patients who presented this result or not (p=0.321). Conclusion: in selected patients, breast reconstruction can be considered safe; most documented complications were limited and could be treated conservatively.

scholarly journals The Updated World Health Organization Glioma Classification: Cellular and Molecular Origins of Adult Infiltrating Gliomas

2017 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 1633-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Pisapia
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Who Classification ◽  
World Health ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Cells Of Origin ◽  
Health Organization

Context.— In the recently updated World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors, our concept of infiltrating gliomas as a molecular dichotomy between oligodendroglial and astrocytic tumors has been codified. Advances in animal models of glioma and a wealth of sophisticated molecular analyses of human glioma tissue have led to a greater understanding of some of the biologic underpinnings of gliomagenesis. Objective.— To review our understanding of gliomagenesis in the setting of the recently updated WHO classification of central nervous system tumors. Topics addressed include a summary of an updated diagnostic schema for infiltrating gliomas, the crucial importance of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations, candidate cells of origin for gliomas, environmental and other posited contributing factors to gliomagenesis, and the possible role of chromatin topology in setting the stage for gliomagenesis. Data Sources.— We conducted a primary literature search using PubMed. Conclusions.— With multidimensional molecular data sets spanning increasingly larger numbers of patients with infiltrating gliomas, our understanding of the disease at the point of surgical resection has improved dramatically and this understanding is reflected in the updated WHO classification. Animal models have demonstrated a diversity of candidates for glioma cells of origin, but crucial questions remain, including the role of neural stem cells, more differentiated progenitor cells, and glioma stem cells. At this stage the increase in data generated from human samples will hopefully inform the creation of newer animal models that will recapitulate more accurately the diversity of gliomas and provide novel insights into the biologic mechanisms underlying tumor initiation and progression.

scholarly journals Endoscopic/Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration and Ancillary Techniques, Particularly Flow Cytometry, in Diagnosing Deep-Seated Lymphomas

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Jin ◽  
Paul E. Wakely Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Endobronchial Ultrasound ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
T Cell Lymphomas ◽  
Reasonable Proportion

Evaluation of deep-seated lymphomas by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) can be challenging due to their reduced accessibility. Controversy remains as to whether FNA and ancillary techniques can be used to diagnose deep-seated lymphomas reliably and sufficiently for clinical management. Most published studies are favorable that endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)/endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-FNA plays an important role in the diagnosis of deep-seated lymphomas. The addition of ancillary techniques, particularly flow cytometry, increases diagnostic yield. While subclassification is possible in a reasonable proportion of cases, the reported rates of successful subclassification are lower than those for lymphoma detection/diagnosis. The diagnostic limitation exists for Hodgkin's lymphoma, grading of follicular lymphoma, and some T-cell lymphomas. The role of FNA in deep-seated lymphomas is much better established for recurrent than primary disease. It remains unclear whether the use of large-sized-needle FNA or a combination of core needle biopsy and FNA improves subclassification. It is important for cytopathologists to have considerable understanding of the WHO lymphoma classification and develop a collaborative working relationship with hematopathologists and oncologists. As EUS/EBUS-FNA techniques advance and sophisticated molecular techniques such as next- generation sequencing become possible, the role of FNA in the diagnosis of deep-seated lymphomas will possibly increase.

S129 – Analysis of Fine Needle Biopsy for Malignant Lymphoma

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P120-P121
Author(s):  
Naoki Ashimori ◽  
Hiroyuki Mineta ◽  
Minako Tsurita
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Malignant Lymphoma ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Fine Needle Biopsy ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Positive Diagnosis ◽  
Health Organization

Objectives To review fine-needle aspiration biopsy-(FNAB) diagnosis of malignant lymphoma retrospectively to determine the diagnostic accuracy and pitfalls. Methods 68 cases of malignant lymphoma and 52 cases of non-malignant lymphoma were identified between 1997 and 2004. All cases were recognized as cervical lymphadenopathy and evaluated by FNAB. Open biopsies were also performed to obtain final diagnoses. Malignant lymphomas were subclassified according to World Health Organization classifications. We compared the FNAB and final diagnostic results to determine the diagnostic accuracy and examine the false negative cases. Results 41(60%) cases had a positive diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, 21(31%) had a suspicious diagnosis, and 6(9%) had a false negative diagnosis. On histological examinations, diffuse large B cell lymphomas yielded a high positive diagnosis, whereas follicular lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease had less positive diagnosis and there were also false negative cases. 14(39%) lymphadenitis cases had a suspicious diagnosis and some cases were difficult to differentiate from malignant lymphoma. Conclusions FNAB is considered a useful and efficient method of estimating malignant lymphoma but diagnostic accuracy varied among lymphoma subtypes. We should remain aware of the existence of false negative cases when using this diagnostic method.

scholarly journals Role of Psychological Factors on the Safety and Efficacy of the Coronavirus 2019 Vaccine (COVID-19): Letter to the Editor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The World ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
To Receive

Introduction: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), as the biggest threat to public health in 2020, has caused many problems to people around the world during the current year. The COVID-19, which first appeared in Wuhan, China, was designated as acute respiratory syndrome 2 by the International Commission on Classification of Diseases World Health Organization and on March 11, 2020, it was introduced as a pandemic worldwide. From the earliest days, scientists and physicians have been working to discover and develop an effective vaccine for the coronavirus 2019. Finally, after much effort, several vaccines were approved by the World Health Organization. Many factors can play a role in the safety of vaccines, in this regard, psychological characteristics of individuals is one of the most important factors that can affect the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine. Considering that the medical staff of each country is one of the first group to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, so it is necessary they will be examined and evaluated in terms of psychological characteristics in order to provide the necessary psychological interventions if necessary. Iran, on February 9, 2021, started the nationwide vaccination using the Sputnik-V vaccines. Given that mental health can also affect the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine, it is recommended that samples be examined domestically for various psychological characteristics such as levels of stress, fear, depression and anxiety should be evaluated to see the best results and effectiveness of the COVID-19 virus vaccine in Iran.

Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of the Lung

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (7) ◽  
pp. 1133-1148
Author(s):  
Alain C. Borczuk
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
World Health ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Lung Nodules ◽  
Pathologic Evaluation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Ancillary Studies ◽  
Wedge Biopsy

Abstract Context.—Benign tumors and tumorlike conditions of the lung are encountered in the pathologic evaluation of asymptomatic and symptomatic lung nodules. Since many of these lesions are uncommon, they can be diagnostically challenging. Objective.—To review the current classification of benign lung tumors, with emphasis on histopathology and useful ancillary studies. Data Sources.—The current World Health Organization classification system for lung neoplasms and review of relevant publications. Conclusions.—Despite improved imaging techniques, benign lung nodules are encountered in wedge biopsy and resection specimens. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular techniques ensure accurate pathologic diagnosis and have shed light on the histogenesis of these unusual lesions.

scholarly journals A Proposed Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision, Chapter 26

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 153473542090833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-hoon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Classification ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Standard Terminology ◽  
Health Organization

In 2019, the World Health Assembly approved the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11), which included a traditional medicine chapter. This means that traditional medicine (TM) is incorporated into the mainstream medicine of the world. For TM to contribute to human health, the role of ICD-11, chapter 26 (ICD-11-26), is important. Since the ICD-11-26 is “a union set of harmonized traditional medicine conditions of the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean classifications,” it is advisable to supplement the essential patterns while maintaining the already adopted patterns. The ICD-11-26 was originated from the World Health Organization International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region (WHO-IST), and the WHO-IST is the world’s most authoritative TM standard terminology system with an emphasis on traditional and conventional expression. In addition, it includes patterns that are widely used in TM clinical practice and have representative prescriptions at the same time. Therefore, future revisions of ICD-11-26 should make WHO-IST the main reference. Based on this spirit, this proposed revision is a modification of ICD-11-26’s structure, order, and expression (English translation) with more essential patterns.

scholarly journals The corticosteroids in aesthetics

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Charikleia-Lydia Chrysoglou ◽  
Maria Goula
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Medical Prescription ◽  
Topical Corticosteroids ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Methods Of Application

The aim of this study is to present the role of corticosteroids in aesthetics. To begin with, the actions of corticosteroids are analyzed as well as their adverse effects, their classification and methods to avoid possible adverse effects when they are used topically. The use of corticosteroids in aesthetics is limited because of their variety of pharmacological actions. Corticosteroids affect almost every system of human body even if they are used topically, so they must not be considered as moisturizing or soothing products, but as medications with specific properties, indications and contraindications. Their administration is always on medical prescription, at a certain dose and for a specific period of time, even for local application on the skin. In addition, the classification of topical corticosteroids according to their potency by World Health Organization (WHO) is further discussed. Furthermore, the role of topical corticosteroids is further investigated. Finally, methods of application depending on the skin area are analyzed and combinations of corticosteroids with other medications such

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