Effects of Erosion Protocol Design on Erosion/Abrasion Study Outcome and on Active Agent (NaF and SnF2) Efficacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Schlueter ◽  
Adrian Lussi ◽  
Alexandra Tolle ◽  
Carolina Ganss
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Protocol Design ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Jerky Movement ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Movement Type ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

There is no standard for testing anti-erosive/anti-abrasive agents, making the assessment and comparison of study results difficult. Factors which are varied in study designs are amongst others the erosive medium regarding concentration and pH or movement type of acid. The present study therefore investigated the impact of these factors on dimension of tissue loss and on efficacy of active agents used as anti-erosive/anti-abrasive therapeutics. In 8 experiments, consisting of 8 groups each (n = 20 each), resulting in a total of 64 groups, enamel specimens were demineralised (10 days, 6 × 2 min/day) using different acids (1, 0.5 and 0.3% citric acid at native pH 2.3, 2.5 and 2.8, respectively, and 0.3% citric acid adjusted to pH 3.6) with two different movement types (jerky or smooth). Specimens were immersed (2 × 2 min/day) in slurries of 1,450 ppm F- toothpaste (NaF), 1,450 ppm F- and 3,436 ppm Sn2+ toothpaste (NaF/SnF2), 970 ppm F- and 3,000 ppm Sn2+ gel (SnF2) or placebo, or were additionally brushed during immersion (15 s, 200 g). All groups were in between stored in a mineral salt solution. Tissue loss was determined profilometrically. Movement type, pH and concentration of acid had a substantial impact on study outcome. The combination of jerky movement and concentrated acid masked, to some extent, differences between erosive and erosive-abrasive tissue loss. The acid at low concentration (0.3%), independent of pH, was too mild to produce any tissue loss. The model with the best ability to demonstrate effects of abrasive impacts and active agents used the 1% acid concentration combined with smooth acid movements.

scholarly journals REVIEW ON THE COMPLEX RELATION BETWEEN RETIREMENT AND COGNITION: UNRAVELING THE MIXED EVIDENCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S25-S25
Author(s):  
Linn Elena Zulka ◽  
Isabelle Hansson ◽  
Linda B Hassing
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Outcomes Study ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract A systematic review from 2017 revealed a great research gap concerning the question if retirement affects cognitive function. Since then, several longitudinal studies have been published, calling for an updated review. The aim of this review is to provide an update with a focus on different retirement operationalization, different cognitive outcomes, and potential mediators like occupational experiences. Twenty peer-reviewed studies with longitudinal designs were included. The results revealed no clear pattern regarding the association between retirement and the cognitive outcomes. Study results varied in relation to factors like occupational experiences, differences in study quality, and cognitive domains. To get an insight into mechanisms behind the relation between retirement and cognitive functioning, more complex study designs are needed that take into account the impact of pre-retirement factors, different retirement related aspects, and the varying effects depending on cognitive domain.

scholarly journals Understanding the interaction between cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis in children: The way forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1010061
Author(s):  
Laura Olbrich ◽  
Lisa Stockdale ◽  
Robindra Basu Roy ◽  
Rinn Song ◽  
Luka Cicin-Sain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Consequence ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Immunological Interactions ◽  
Tb Diagnostics ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children ◽  
The Impact

Over 1 million children develop tuberculosis (TB) each year, with a quarter dying. Multiple factors impact the risk of a child being exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the risk of progressing to TB disease, and the risk of dying. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that coinfection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous herpes virus, impacts the host response to Mtb, potentially influencing the probability of disease progression, type of TB disease, performance of TB diagnostics, and disease outcome. It is also likely that infection with Mtb impacts CMV pathogenesis. Our current understanding of the burden of these 2 diseases in children, their immunological interactions, and the clinical consequence of coinfection is incomplete. It is also unclear how potential interventions might affect disease progression and outcome for TB or CMV. This article reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological literature on CMV and TB in children and explores how the 2 pathogens interact, while also considering the impact of HIV on this relationship. It outlines areas of research uncertainty and makes practical suggestions as to potential studies that might address these gaps. Current research is hampered by inconsistent definitions, study designs, and laboratory practices, and more consistency and collaboration between researchers would lead to greater clarity. The ambitious targets outlined in the World Health Organization End TB Strategy will only be met through a better understanding of all aspects of child TB, including the substantial impact of coinfections.

Designing Validation Studies More Efficiently According to the Modular Approach: Retrospective Analysis of the EPISKIN Test for Skin Corrosion

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Hoffmann ◽  
Thomas Hartung
Keyword(s):  
Validation Study ◽  
Validation Studies ◽  
Test Validity ◽  
Modular Approach ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

It is claimed that the modular approach to validation, which involves seven independent modules, will make the assessment of test validity more flexible and more efficient. In particular, the aspects of between-laboratory variability and predictive capacity are formally separated. Here, the main advantage of the approach is to offer the opportunity for reduced labour, and thus to allow study designs to be more time efficient and cost effective. The impact of this separation was analysed by taking the ECVAM validation study on in vitro methods for skin corrosivity as an example of a successful validation study — two of its methods triggered new OECD test guidelines. Lean study designs, which reduced the number of tests required by up to 60%, were simulated with the original validation data for the EPISKIN™ model. By using resampling techniques, we were able to demonstrate the effects of the lean designs on three between-laboratory variability measures and on the predictive capacity in terms of sensitivity and specificity, in comparison with the original study. Overall, the study results, especially the levels of confidence, were only slightly affected by the lean designs that were modelled. It is concluded that the separation of the two modules is a promising way to speed-up prospective validation studies and to substantially reduce costs, without compromising study quality.

scholarly journals Thyroid autoimmunity in adverse fertility and pregnancy outcomes: timing of assisted reproductive technology in AITD women

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Wei Wang ◽  
Xiao-Xian Liao ◽  
Tuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is prevalent in women of live-birthing age and has independently been associated with complications of fertility and pregnancy, in the case of spontaneous conception or after assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. However, it remains challenging to identify causation between infertility and TAI, even interventional trials looking at the impact of levothyroxine (LT4) treatment on fertility and pregnancy outcomes due to differences among study results which related to small scales, impropriate study designs, enrollment criteria of infertility cause and titer/hormone concentration measurements. Furthermore, many questions remain unsettled in ART management in AITD infertile women attempt pregnancy. Therefore, further observational and interventional trials are needed more comprehensive multiple-center, double blinded, and randomized.

Income Diversification and Bank Efficiency in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
pp. 52-67
Author(s):  
Sang Nguyen Minh
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

This study uses the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method to estimate the technical efficiency index of 34 Vietnamese commercial banks in the period 2007-2015, and then it analyzes the impact of income diversification on the operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks through a censored regression model - the Tobit regression model. Research results indicate that income diversification has positive effects on the operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks in the research period. Based on study results, in this research some recommendations forpolicy are given to enhance the operational efficiency of Vietnam’s commercial banking system.

Some reflections on social structure: Theoretical and practical aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1078
Author(s):  
T.N. Skorobogatova ◽  
I.Yu. Marakhovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Service Industry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact

Subject. This article discusses the role of social infrastructure in the national economy and analyzes the relationship between the notions of Infrastructure, Service Industry and Non-Productive Sphere. Objectives. The article aims to outline a methodology for development of the social infrastructure of Russia's regions. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical and comparative analyses. The Republic of Crimea and Rostov Oblast's social infrastructure development was considered as a case study. Results. The article finds that the level of social infrastructure is determined by a number of internal and external factors. By analyzing and assessing such factors, it is possible to develop promising areas for the social sphere advancement. Conclusions. Assessment and analysis of internal factors largely determined by the region's characteristics, as well as a comprehensive consideration of the impact of external factors will help ensure the competitiveness of the region's economy.

The Digital Divide and K-12 Student Computer Use

10.28945/2926 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Morgan ◽  
Craig A. VanLengen
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Computer Use ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Limited Basis ◽  
K 12 ◽  
The Impact

The divide between those who have computer and Internet access and those who do not appears to be narrowing, however overall statistics may be misleading. Measures of computer availability in schools often include cases where computers are only available for administration or are available only on a very limited basis (Gootman, 2004). Access to a computer and the Internet outside of school helps to reinforce student learning and emphasize the importance of using technology. Recent U.S. statistics indicate that ethnic background and other demographic characteristics still have substantial impact on the availability and use of computers by students outside of the classroom. This paper examines recent census data to determine the impact of the household on student computer use outside of the classroom. Encouragingly, the findings of this study suggest that use of a computer at school substantially increases the chance that a student will use a computer outside of class. Additionally, this study suggests that computer use outside of the classroom is positively and significantly impacted by being in a household with adults who either use a computer at work or work in an industry where computers are extensively used.

The Impact of Bar Service Operation Practices on Organizational Performance in Indian Hotel Industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohinder C. Dhiman ◽  
Abhishek Ghai
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Service Operation ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bivariate Test

The paper has a two fold purpose - examine the impact of bar service operation practices (BSOP) on organizational performance (OP) and study the relationship between organizational performance and demographic variables. Based on a survey of 362 bar managers perceptions on the impact of bar service operation practices on organizational performance were assessed by 59 practices and 6 demographic variables. Bivariate test and ANOVA were employed to test the working hypothesis in the study. Results indicated that there is a positive relationship between the bar service operation practices and organizational performance. Further, the results indicate some practical and managerial implications to improve organizational overall performance.

scholarly journals Ingredient-Dependent Extent of Lipid Oxidation in Margarine

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Sarah Fruehwirth ◽  
Sandra Egger ◽  
Dennis Kurzbach ◽  
Jakob Windisch ◽  
Franz Jirsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Green Tea Extract ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Tea Extract ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Β Carotene

This study reports the impact of margarine-representative ingredients on its oxidative stability and green tea extract as a promising antioxidant in margarine. Oil-in-water emulsions received much attention regarding factors that influence their oxidative stability, however, water-in-oil emulsions have only been scarcely investigated. Margarine, a widely consumed water-in-oil emulsion, consists of 80–90% fat and is thermally treated when used for baking. As different types of margarine contain varying additives, their impact on the oxidative stability of margarine during processing is of pressing importance. Thus, the influence of different ingredients, such as emulsifiers, antioxidants, citric acid, β-carotene and NaCl on the oxidative stability of margarine, heated at 80 °C for 1 h to accelerate lipid oxidation, was analyzed by the peroxide value and oxidation induction time. We found that monoglycerides influenced lipid oxidation depending on their fatty acyl chain. α-Tocopheryl acetate promoted lipid oxidation, while rosemary and green tea extract led to the opposite. Whereas green tea extract alone showed the most prominent antioxidant effect, combinations of green tea extract with citric acid, β-carotene or NaCl increased lipid oxidation in margarine. Complementary, NMR data suggested that polyphenols in green tea extracts might decrease lipid mobility at the surface of the water droplets, which might lead to chelating of transition metals at the interface and decreasing lipid oxidation.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

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