scholarly journals Ephrin-B/EphB Signaling Is Required for Normal Innervation of Lingual Gustatory Papillae

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall William Treffy ◽  
David Collins ◽  
Natalia Hoshino ◽  
Son Ton ◽  
Gennadiy Aleksandrovich Katsevman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Taste Bud ◽  
Gustatory System ◽  
Fungiform Papillae ◽  
Sensory Afferents ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Discrete Nature ◽  
In Vitro Effects

The innervation of taste buds is an excellent model system for studying the guidance of axons during targeting because of their discrete nature and the high fidelity of innervation. The pregustatory epithelium of fungiform papillae is known to secrete diffusible axon guidance cues such as BDNF and Sema3A that attract and repel, respectively, geniculate ganglion axons during targeting, but diffusible factors alone are unlikely to explain how taste axon terminals are restricted to their territories within the taste bud. Nondiffusible cell surface proteins such as Ephs and ephrins can act as receptors and/or ligands for one another and are known to control axon terminal positioning in several parts of the nervous system, but they have not been studied in the gustatory system. We report that ephrin-B2 linked β-galactosidase staining and immunostaining was present along the dorsal epithelium of the mouse tongue as early as embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5), but was not detected at E14.5, when axons first enter the epithelium. Ephrin-B1 immunolabeling was barely detected in the epithelium and found at a somewhat higher concentration in the mesenchyme subjacent to the epithelium. EphB1 and EphB2 were detected in lingual sensory afferents in vivo and geniculate neurites in vitro. Ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 were similarly effective in repelling or suppressing outgrowth by geniculate neurites in vitro. These in vitro effects were independent of the neurotrophin used to promote outgrowth, but were reduced by elevated levels of laminin. In vivo, mice null for EphB1 and EphB2 exhibited decreased gustatory innervation of fungiform papillae. These data provide evidence that ephrin-B forward signaling is necessary for normal gustatory innervation of the mammalian tongue.

Anti-obesity role of Aster glehni extract: in vivo and in vitro effects

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Lee ◽  
TG Ahn ◽  
CW Kim ◽  
HJ An
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Effects

Comparison of Specific Antibody, D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl and Aprotinin for Prevention of In Vitro Effects of Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator on Haemostasis Parameters

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 921-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Seifried ◽  
P Tanswell
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Fibrinolytic Therapy ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Fibrinolytic Parameters

SummaryIn vitro, concentration-dependent effects of rt-PA on a range of coagulation and fibrinolytic assays in thawed plasma samples were investigated. In absence of a fibrinolytic inhibitor, 2 μg rt-PA/ml blood (3.4 μg/ml plasma) caused prolongation of clotting time assays and decreases of plasminogen (to 44% of the control value), fibrinogen (to 27%), α2-antiplasmin (to 5%), FV (to 67%), FVIII (to 41%) and FXIII (to 16%).Of three inhibitors tested, a specific polyclonal anti-rt-PA antibody prevented interferences in all fibrinolytic and most clotting assays. D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl (PPACK) enabled correct assays of fibrinogen and fibrinolytic parameters but interfered with coagulometric assays dependent on endogenous thrombin generation. Aprotinin was suitable only for a restricted range of both assay types.Most in vitro effects were observed only with rt-PA plasma concentrations in excess of therapeutic values. Nevertheless it is concluded that for clinical application, collection of blood samples on either specific antibody or PPACK is essential for a correct assessment of in vivo effects of rt-PA on the haemostatic system in patients undergoing fibrinolytic therapy.

scholarly journals Breakdown of Filamentous Myofibrils by the UPS–Step by Step

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Dina Aweida ◽  
Shenhav Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Catalytic Core ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Aaa Atpases

Protein degradation maintains cellular integrity by regulating virtually all biological processes, whereas impaired proteolysis perturbs protein quality control, and often leads to human disease. Two major proteolytic systems are responsible for protein breakdown in all cells: autophagy, which facilitates the loss of organelles, protein aggregates, and cell surface proteins; and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which promotes degradation of mainly soluble proteins. Recent findings indicate that more complex protein structures, such as filamentous assemblies, which are not accessible to the catalytic core of the proteasome in vitro, can be efficiently degraded by this proteolytic machinery in systemic catabolic states in vivo. Mechanisms that loosen the filamentous structure seem to be activated first, hence increasing the accessibility of protein constituents to the UPS. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the disassembly and loss of the intricate insoluble filamentous myofibrils, which are responsible for muscle contraction, and whose degradation by the UPS causes weakness and disability in aging and disease. Several lines of evidence indicate that myofibril breakdown occurs in a strictly ordered and controlled manner, and the function of AAA-ATPases is crucial for their disassembly and loss.

scholarly journals Lipoproteins Are Responsible for the Pro-Inflammatory Property of Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7099
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Kopparapu ◽  
Meghshree Deshmukh ◽  
Zhicheng Hu ◽  
Majd Mohammad ◽  
Marco Maugeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Major Surface ◽  
Staphylococcal Aureus

Staphylococcal aureus (S. aureus), a Gram-positive bacteria, is known to cause various infections. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous array of membranous structures secreted by cells from all three domains of life, i.e., eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. Bacterial EVs are implied to be involved in both bacteria–bacteria and bacteria–host interactions during infections. It is still unclear how S. aureus EVs interact with host cells and induce inflammatory responses. In this study, EVs were isolated from S. aureus and mutant strains deficient in either prelipoprotein lipidation (Δlgt) or major surface proteins (ΔsrtAB). Their immunostimulatory capacities were assessed both in vitro and in vivo. We found that S. aureus EVs induced pro-inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo. However, this activity was dependent on lipidated lipoproteins (Lpp), since EVs isolated from the Δlgt showed no stimulation. On the other hand, EVs isolated from the ΔsrtAB mutant showed full immune stimulation, indicating the cell wall anchoring of surface proteins did not play a role in immune stimulation. The immune stimulation of S. aureus EVs was mediated mainly by monocytes/macrophages and was TLR2 dependent. In this study, we demonstrated that not only free Lpp but also EV-imbedded Lpp had high pro-inflammatory activity.

scholarly journals In Vitro Effects of Sulforaphane on Interferon-Driven Inflammation and Exploratory Evaluation in Two Healthy Volunteers

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3602
Author(s):  
Elena Genova ◽  
Maura Apollonio ◽  
Giuliana Decorti ◽  
Alessandra Tesser ◽  
Alberto Tommasini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type I ◽  
Interferon Signature ◽  
Interferon Stimulated Genes ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
In Vitro Effects

Interferonopathies are rare genetic conditions defined by systemic inflammatory episodes caused by innate immune system activation in the absence of pathogens. Currently, no targeted drugs are authorized for clinical use in these diseases. In this work, we studied the contribution of sulforaphane (SFN), a cruciferous-derived bioactive molecule, in the modulation of interferon-driven inflammation in an immortalized human hepatocytes (IHH) line and in two healthy volunteers, focusing on STING, a key-component player in interferon pathway, interferon signature modulation, and GSTM1 expression and genotype, which contributes to SFN metabolism and excretion. In vitro, SFN exposure reduced STING expression as well as interferon signature in the presence of the pro-inflammatory stimulus cGAMP (cGAMP 3 h vs. SFN+cGAMP 3 h p value < 0.0001; cGAMP 6 h vs. SFN+cGAMP 6 h p < 0.001, one way ANOVA), restoring STING expression to the level of unstimulated cells. In preliminary experiments on healthy volunteers, no appreciable variations in interferon signature were identified after SFN assumption, while only in one of them, presenting the GSTM1 wild type genotype related to reduced SFN excretion, could a downregulation of STING be recorded. This study confirmed that SFN inhibits STING-mediated inflammation and interferon-stimulated genes expression in vitro. However, only a trend towards the downregulation of STING could be reproduced in vivo. Results obtained have to be confirmed in a larger group of healthy individuals and in patients with type I interferonopathies to define if the assumption of SFN could be useful as supportive therapy.

A Detailed Examination of the in vivo and in vitro Effects of ACTH on Gonadotropin Secretion in the Adult Rat

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Mann ◽  
Diane Evans ◽  
Festus Edoimioya ◽  
Freja Kamel ◽  
George M. Butterstein
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Gonadotropin Secretion ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
In Vitro Effects

scholarly journals Contamination of erythropoietin by endotoxin: in vivo and in vitro effects on murine erythropoiesis

Blood ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
KS Zuckerman ◽  
PJ Quesenberry ◽  
J Levin ◽  
R Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Erythropoietic Activity ◽  
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate ◽  
Endogenous Erythropoietin ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Endotoxin was detected in all erythropoietin preparations tested and was removed from four lots, without loss of erythropoietic activity, by adsorption with limulus amebocyte lysate. Comparison of adsorbed (endotoxin-depleted) and nonadsorbed (endotoxin-containing) erythropoietin preparations demonstrated significant inhibition of CFU- e and BFU-e in vitro by nonadsorbed erythropoietin at concentrations higher than 0.25 U/ml and 2.0 U/ml, respectively. CFU-e and BFU-e were inhibited significantly by readdition in vitro of 10(-5)-10(-3) mug of endotoxin per unit of limulus-adsorbed erythropoietin. Administration of saline or 6 U of nonadsorbed or adsorbed erythropoietin twice a day for 4 days of CF1 mice resulted in reticulocyte counts of 2.1%, 9.9%, and 15.9%, respectively. Nonadsorbed erythropoietin resulted in a 29% decrease in erythropoiesis, a 42% decrease in CFU-e, and a 16% increase in granulopoiesis in the marrow, whereas adsorbed erythropoietin caused a 28% increase in erythropoiesis, no significant change in CFU-e and a 19% decrease in granulopoiesis in the marrow. Both preparations resulted in marked increases in splenic erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis. The effects of adsorbed erythropoietin are similar to those produced following stimulation of hematopoiesis by endogenous erythropoietin. Hemopoietic changes induced by nonadsorbed erythropoietin in vivo and in vitro are affected substantially by contamination of the erythropoietin preparations with endotoxin.

In vivo and in vitro effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on the microsome-mediated in vitro mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene

1981 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Batardy-Gregoire ◽  
C. Razzouk ◽  
E. Agazzi-Leonard ◽  
M. Mercier ◽  
F. Poncelet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Effects
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document