Cerebral Processing of Emotionally Loaded Acoustic Signals by Tinnitus Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Georgiewa ◽  
Agnieszka J. Szczepek ◽  
Matthias Rose ◽  
Burghard F. Klapp ◽  
Birgit Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Activation Pattern ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Scanning Procedure

This exploratory study determined the activation pattern in nonauditory brain areas in response to acoustic, emotionally positive, negative or neutral stimuli presented to tinnitus patients and control subjects. Ten patients with chronic tinnitus and without measurable hearing loss and 13 matched control subjects were included in the study and subjected to fMRI with a 1.5-tesla scanner. During the scanning procedure, acoustic stimuli of different emotional value were presented to the subjects. Statistical analyses were performed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM 99). The activation pattern induced by emotionally loaded acoustic stimuli differed significantly within and between both groups tested, depending on the kind of stimuli used. Within-group differences included the limbic system, prefrontal regions, temporal association cortices and striatal regions. Tinnitus patients had a pronounced involvement of limbic regions involved in the processing of chimes (positive stimulus) and neutral words (neutral stimulus), strongly suggesting improperly functioning inhibitory mechanisms that were functioning well in the control subjects. This study supports the hypothesis about the existence of a tinnitus-specific brain network. Such a network could respond to any acoustic stimuli by activating limbic areas involved in stress reactivity and emotional processing and by reducing activation of areas responsible for attention and acoustic filtering (thalamus, frontal regions), possibly reinforcing negative effects of tinnitus.

The Effects of a Neutral Stimulus (Buzzer) on Motor Responses and Disfluencies in Normal Speakers

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
And Control ◽  
Speaking Task

Seventy-two college students were divided into three groups: Button Push-Speech (BP-S), Speech-Button Push (S-BP), and Control. BP-S subjects pushed one of two buttons on signal for 8 min. During the last 4 min, depression of the criterion button caused a buzzer to sound. After the button-push task, subjects spoke spontaneously for 30 min. During the last 20 min, the buzzer was presented contingent upon each disfluency. S-BP subjects were run under the same procedures, but the order of button-push and speech tasks was reversed. Control subjects followed the same procedures as S-BP subjects, but no buzzer signal was presented at any time. Both S-BP and BP-S subjects emitted significantly fewer disfluencies during the last 20 min (Conditioning) than during the first 10 min (Baserate) of the speaking task. The frequency of disfluencies for Control subjects did not change significantly from Baserate to Conditioning. In none of the three groups did the frequency of pushes on the criterion button change significantly from minute to minute throughout the 8-min button-push session.

scholarly journals Introducing co-activation pattern metrics to quantify spontaneous brain network dynamics

NeuroImage ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 476-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyuan E. Chen ◽  
Catie Chang ◽  
Michael D. Greicius ◽  
Gary H. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Network Dynamics ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Activation Pattern ◽  
Pattern Metrics ◽  
Co Activation

GABA-ergic Modulation of Prefrontal Spatio-temporal Activation Pattern during Emotional Processing: A Combined fMRI/MEG Study with Placebo and Lorazepam

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Northoff ◽  
Thomas Witze ◽  
Andre Richter ◽  
Matthias Gessner ◽  
Florian Schlagenhauf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Activation Pattern ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Gaba A ◽  
Emotional Function ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Cortical Motor ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Cortical Regions

Various prefrontal cortical regions have been shown to be activated during emotional stimulation, whereas neurochemical mechanisms underlying emotional processing in the prefrontal cortex remain unclear. We therefore investigated the influence of the GABA-A potentiator lorazepam on prefrontal cortical emotional—motor spatio-temporal activation pattern in a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging/magnetoencephalography study. Lorazepam led to the reversal in orbito-frontal activation pattern, a shift of the early magnetic field dipole from the orbito-frontal to medial prefrontal cortex, and alterations in premotor/motor cortical function during negative and positive emotional stimulation. It is concluded that negative emotional processing in the orbito-frontal cortex may be modulated either directly or indirectly by GABA-A receptors. Such a modulation of orbito-frontal cortical emotional function by lorazepam has to be distinguished from its effects on cortical motor function as being independent from the kind of processing either emotional or nonemotional.

A Double Dissociation in the Affective Modulation of Startle in Humans: Effects of Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sumie Funayama ◽  
Christian Grillon ◽  
Michael Davis ◽  
Elizabeth A. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Right

In the present study we report a double dissociation between right and left medial temporal lobe damage in the modulation of fear responses to different types of stimuli. We found that right unilateral temporal lobectomy (RTL) patients, in contrast to control subjects and left temporal lobectomy (LTL) patients, failed to show potentiated startle while viewing negative pictures. However, the opposite pattern of impairment was observed during a stimulus that patients had been told signaled the possibility of shock. Control subjects and RTL patients showed potentiated startle while LTL patients failed to show potentiated startle. We hypothesize that the right medial temporal lobe modulates fear responses while viewing emotional pictures, which involves exposure to (emotional) visual information and is consistent with the emotional processing traditionally ascribed to the right hemisphere. In contrast, the left medial temporal lobe modulates fear responses when those responses are the result of a linguistic/cognitive representation acquired through language, which, like other verbally mediated material, generally involves the left hemisphere. Additional evidence from case studies suggests that, within the medial temporal lobe, the amygdala is responsible for this modulation.

scholarly journals Sexually dimorphic development of depression-related brain networks during healthy human adolescence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Dorfschmidt ◽  
R.A.I. Bethlehem ◽  
J. Seidlitz ◽  
F. Váša ◽  
S.R. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Network Development ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractAdolescence is a period of critical development of the brain, that coincides with a sexually dimorphic increase in risk of depression for females. We hypothesized that there might be sexual dimorphisms in human brain network development underlying the dimorphism in depression. First, we tested for sex differences in parameters of brain network development (baseline connectivity at age 14, FC14, adolescent change in connectivity FC14−26, and maturational index, MI), measured repeatedly in resting state functional MRI scans from N=298 healthy young people aged 14-26 years, scanned a total of 520 times. We measured the maturational index (−1 < MI < 1) at each of 346 regions for each sex separately. Regions with negative MI were located in the cortical default mode network (DMN), the limbic system and subcortical nuclei. This cortico-subcortical system shared a disruptive pattern of development, e.g., weak functional connectivity with these regions at age 14 became stronger over the course of adolescence. This developmentally disruptive system was sexually dimorphic, i.e., the sex difference in MI was significantly less than zero at 83 regions. We then investigated the biological plausibility, and relevance to depression, of this fMRI-derived map of dimorphic brain development. It was significantly co-located with the cortical expression map of a weighted function of whole genome transcription, by partial least squares regression on prior adult post mortem data. Genes that were most strongly expressed in disruptively developing brain regions were enriched for X chromosome genes; genes specialized for perinatal and adolescent phases of cortical and subcortical development, respectively; and risk genes for major depressive disorder (MDD), defined by genome-wide significant association. The dimorphic development map was also significantly co-located with (i) brain regions activated by prior task-activated fMRI studies of reward and emotional processing and (ii) a map of adult MDD-related differences in functional connectivity from an independent case-control fMRI study (N=96). We conclude that sex differences in adolescent development of cortico-subcortical functional network connectivity were biologically validated by anatomical co-location with brain tissue expression of sex-, development- and MDD-related genes. Dimorphically disruptive development of DMN, limbic and subcortical connectivity could be relevant to the increased risk of depressive symptoms in adolescent females.

Temporal association of nitric oxide levels and airflow in asthma after whole lung allergen challenge

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumita B. Khatri ◽  
Jeffrey Hammel ◽  
Mani S. Kavuru ◽  
Serpil C. Erzurum ◽  
Raed A. Dweik
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Allergen Challenge ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
And Control

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels are high in asthmatic subjects and increase with exacerbations. We hypothesized that higher levels of NO observed during asthma exacerbations are due to increased synthesis of NO. Exhaled NO and peak flows were measured in 11 asthmatic and 9 healthy control subjects before and after experimental asthmatic response induced by whole lung allergen challenge. Baseline peak flows of asthmatics were significantly lower than controls and decreased significantly immediately after challenge ( P = 0.004). NO was measured by collecting exhaled breaths without breath hold (NO0) and after a 15-s breath hold (NO15). The rate of NO accumulation over time [parts/billion per second (ppb/s)] was calculated by ΔNO/Δ t = (NO15 - NO0)/15, where Δ denotes a change and t is time. The NO accumulation rates in asthmatic and control subjects were similar at baseline; however, NO accumulation at 24 h increased threefold from baseline in asthmatic compared with control subjects (asthmatic subjects, 0.6 ± 0.2 ppb/s; control subjects, 0.2 ± 0.1 ppb/s; P = 0.01). Our study suggests that increased NO during an asthma exacerbation is due to increased synthesis, perhaps by increased expression of NO synthases.

scholarly journals Intersubject brain network organization during dynamic anxious anticipation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahshid Najafi ◽  
Joshua Kinnison ◽  
Luiz Pessoa
Keyword(s):  
Functional Mri ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Subcortical Regions

AbstractHow do large-scale brain networks reorganize during the waxing and waning of anxious anticipation? Here, threat was dynamically modulated during functional MRI as two circles slowly meandered on the screen; if they touched, an unpleasant shock was delivered. We employed intersubject network analysis, which allows the investigation of network-level properties “across brains,” and sought to determine how network properties changed during periods of approach (circles moving closer) and periods of retreat (circles moving apart). Dynamic threat altered network cohesion across the salience, executive, and task-negative networks, as well as subcortical regions. Functional connections between subcortical regions and the salience network also increased during approach vs. retreat, including the putative periaqueductal gray, habenula, and amygdala, showing that the latter is involved under conditions of relatively prolonged and uncertain threat (the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was observed during both approach and retreat). Together, our findings unraveled dynamic properties of large-scale networks across participants while threat levels varied continuously, and demonstrate the potential of characterizing emotional processing at the level of distributed networks.Significance StatementUnderstanding the brain basis of anxious anticipation is important not only from a basic research perspective, but because aberrant responding to uncertain future negative events is believed to be central to anxiety disorders. Although previous studies have investigated how brain responses are sensitive to threat proximity, little is known about how patterns of response co-activation change during dynamic manipulations of threat. To address these important gaps in the literature, we studied the dynamics of emotional processing at the level of large-scale brain networks by devising a manipulation in which threat was dynamically modulated during functional MRI scanning.

scholarly journals fMRI Retinotopic Mapping in Patients with Brain Tumors and Space-Occupying Brain Lesions in the Area of the Occipital Lobe

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Katharina Hense ◽  
Tina Plank ◽  
Christina Wendl ◽  
Frank Dodoo-Schittko ◽  
Elisabeth Bumes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tumor Patients ◽  
Retinotopic Mapping ◽  
Control Subjects

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a valuable tool in the clinical routine of neurosurgery when planning surgical interventions and assessing the risk of postoperative functional deficits. Here, we examined how the presence of a brain tumor or lesion in the area of the occipital lobe affects the results of fMRI retinotopic mapping. fMRI data were evaluated on a retrospectively selected sample of 12 patients with occipital brain tumors, 7 patients with brain lesions and 19 control subjects. Analyses of the cortical activation, percent signal change, cluster size of the activated voxels and functional connectivity were carried out using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM12) and the CONN and Marsbar toolboxes. We found similar but reduced patterns of cortical activation and functional connectivity between the two patient groups compared to a healthy control group. Here, we found that retinotopic organization was well-preserved in the patients and was comparable to that of the age-matched controls. The results also showed that, compared to the tumor patients, the lesion patients showed higher percent signal changes but lower values in the cluster sizes of the activated voxels in the calcarine fissure region. Our results suggest that the lesion patients exhibited results that were more similar to those of the control subjects in terms of the BOLD signal, whereas the extent of the activation was comparable to that of the tumor patients.

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