scholarly journals Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siamon Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Host Response ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Innate Immunology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

The year 2016 marks the centenary of the death of Elie Metchnikoff, the father of innate immunity and discoverer of the significance of phagocytosis in development, homeostasis and disease. Through a series of intravital experiments on invertebrates and vertebrates, he described the role of specialised phagocytic cells, macrophages and microphages, subsequently renamed neutrophils and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, in the host response to injury, inflammation, infection and tissue repair. As a vigorous proponent of cellular immunity, he championed its importance versus humoral immunity in the so-called antibody wars. By 1908, when the Nobel Prize was awarded to Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich, this debate was not yet resolved. Even earlier, Metchnikoff had turned his research interests to the process of ageing and the possible link to intestinal auto-intoxication, giving rise to the current interest in the microbiome of the gut and the use of probiotics to promote health and longevity. During the past century, Metchnikoff's reputation has waxed and waned, as lymphocyte heterogeneity, specificity and memory began to dominate the field of adaptive immunity, yet his benign visage continues to provide an iconic presence for specialists in innate immunology, whose studies have made a striking comeback in the past decade. In this review, I shall consider the nature of his studies and the person as well as the legendary description of his Eureka experience in Messina in 1882, a story loved by students and investigators alike, that marked, in his own words, his transformation from zoologist to pathologist.

scholarly journals The phenomenon of signed music in Deaf culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-271
Author(s):  
Marina Radić-Šestić ◽  
Mia Šešum ◽  
Ljubica Isaković
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Deaf Culture ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Deaf Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Cultural Frameworks ◽  
Musical Perception ◽  
Musical Elements

Introduction. Music in the Deaf community is a socio-cultural phenomenon that depicts a specific identity and way of experiencing the world, which is just as diverse, rich and meaningful as that of members of any other culture. Objective. The aim of this paper was to point out the historical and socio-cultural frameworks, complexity, richness, specific elements, types and forms of musical expression of members of the Deaf community. Methods. The applied methods included comparative analysis, evaluation, and deduction and induction system. Results. Due to limitations or a lack of auditive component, the members of Deaf culture use different communication tools, such as speech, pantomime, facial expressions and sign language. Signed music, as a phenomenon, is the artistic form which does not have long history. However, since the nineties of the past century and with technological development, it has been gaining greater interest and acknowledgement within the Deaf community and among the hearing audience. Signed music uses specific visuo-spatial-kinaesthetic and auditive elements in expression, such as rhythm, dynamism, rhyme, expressiveness, iconicity, intensity of the musical perception and the combination of the role of the performer. Conclusion. Signed music as a phenomenon is an art form that incorporates sign poetic characteristics (lyrical contents), visual musical elements and dance.

Epilogue: A tale of two copulas

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVE ZYZIK ◽  
SUSAN GASS
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Context Of Learning

The five papers in this issue cover a range of perspectives on the acquisition and use of the Spanish copulasserandestarin a variety of contexts, including language contact, bilingual language acquisition, and classroom second language learning. The fact that these papers cite work in this area as far back as the early part of the 20th century with each subsequent decade being represented suggests the continual importance and complexity of the distinction between the two copular forms and shows how this complexity is played out in acquisition and bilingual use. Over the past century different perspectives have been taken on this multifaceted issue with linguistic explanations and the role of the native language being primary. In this epilogue, we focus on some of these same issues, but expand our commentary to include the new dimensions represented in this collection of papers: (i) context of learning (input), (ii) prior knowledge as represented by other language(s) known, (iii) item-learning and lexical development, and (iv) innovations in methodology.

When Cultural Evolution Calls for Translation Revolution

2018 ◽  
pp. 161-178
Author(s):  
Vanessa Lopes Lourenço Hanes
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
The One

Given the massive changes that Brazil has undergone in the past century, particularly in distancing itself linguistically from its former colonizer, this study is an attempt to determine the role of translation in the country's cultural evolution. Translational approaches have developed along opposing poles: on the one hand, a strong resistance to incorporating orally-driven alterations in the written language, while on the other, a slow, halting movement toward convergence of the two, and both approaches are charged with political and ideological intentionality. Publishing houses, editors and translators are gatekeepers and agents whose activities provide a glimpse into the mechanism of national linguistic identity, either contributing to or resisting the myth of a homogenized Portuguese language.

The Role of Fire in Natural Communities: An Example from the Southern Sierra Nevada, California

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Shrub Community ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Vegetational Succession ◽  
Dead Material

The exclusion of fire from the low-elevation foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada of California over the past century has resulted in large expanses of over-mature, senescent chaparral. The fuel buildup associated with this situation poses a threat, in that any fire which gets started has the potential of becoming a major holocaust.A detailed analysis is made of the vegetational succession following fire in four different-aged stands of Chamise chaparral in the southern Sierra Nevada. Progression from a diverse multi-species herb and shrub community towards a dense, structurally uniform, low-diversity stand dominated by a single woody species, Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise), is demonstrated. An increase in shrub cover and height along with the amount of dead material found laddered through the canopy, create optimal conditions for combustion within some 35 years following the last fire. The herbaceous vegetation shows a high diversity and cover in the first few years after burning, but rapidly decreases thereafter. Evidence is presented that frequent fires are required to maintain the chaparral community in a vigorous and healthy state. The need to institute progressive fuel-management programmes which recognize the natural role of fire in the evolution of the chaparral type wherever it is found, is discussed and advocated. Attempts are also made to relate these findings to the preservation of other fire-adapted vegetation types of the world.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Cytokine Storm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kurtuluş ◽  
İbrahim Pirim
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Although the etiopathogenesis of infections has been largely illuminated by technical and scientific developments in the past century; many issues are still not clear today. The word “there is no disease, there is a patient” is stil valid today. Because the immune response of the host is as important as the virulence of the pathogen in infections and disease course can vary a lot according to the person. Cytokine Storm is seen exactly in a group of diseases where the host response is very prominent. For this reason, Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS) is mostly mentioned. CSS emerging due to different inflammatory etiologies; it is an overwhelming systemic inflammation, hemodynamic imbalance, multiple organ failure, and potentially leading to death. After being first seen in Influenza in 2003 as a viral agent, CSS was seen in SARS-Cov, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, which were found to be the las thuman disease from the Corona viridea family.The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 causes COVID-19, a pandemic threatening millions. Uncontrolled production of pro-inflammatory mediators contributes to, acut respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19.

scholarly journals Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Modifying Host Defense and Decreasing Bacterial Virulence

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6970
Author(s):  
Julianne M. Thornton ◽  
Kingsley Yin
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Neutrophil Migration ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Bioactive Fatty Acids ◽  
Insight Into

Bacterial infection activates the innate immune system as part of the host’s defense against invading pathogens. Host response to bacterial pathogens includes leukocyte activation, inflammatory mediator release, phagocytosis, and killing of bacteria. An appropriate host response requires resolution. The resolution phase involves attenuation of neutrophil migration, neutrophil apoptosis, macrophage recruitment, increased phagocytosis, efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, and tissue repair. Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) are bioactive fatty acids that were shown to be highly effective in promoting resolution of infectious inflammation and survival in several models of infection. In this review, we provide insight into the role of SPMs in active host defense mechanisms for bacterial clearance including a new mechanism of action in which an SPM acts directly to reduce bacterial virulence.

The role of climate, habitat, and species co-occurrence as drivers of change in small mammal distributions over the past century

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 696-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY M. RUBIDGE ◽  
WILLIAM B. MONAHAN ◽  
JUAN L. PARRA ◽  
SUSAN E. CAMERON ◽  
JUSTIN S. BRASHARES
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammal ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Drivers Of Change ◽  
The Past

When Someday Is Today: Carrying Forward the History of Old Age and Inheritance into the Age of Medicaid

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Case
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Elder Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Old Age

This review essay of Hendrik Hartog's (2012) Someday All This Will Be Yours undertakes a brief overview of some of the massive changes in middle‐class planning for old age and inheritance in the United States over the course of the past century, focusing on the increased role of the state as a source of funding and regulation, the rise of the elder law bar, and the resulting new tools and motives for the transfer of property in exchange for care in the age of Medicaid.

Newman's Aesthetic Vision

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-57
Author(s):  
Robert C. Christie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
University Education ◽  
Past Century ◽  
John Henry Newman ◽  
The Past ◽  
Education Today ◽  
Unity Of Knowledge ◽  
The University

The evolution of scientism, relativism, and the resultant fragmentation of knowledge over the past century have led to a crisis in contemporary university education. John Henry Newman, a nineteenth-century philosopher of education, a major figure in educational theory and applied research, and author of the classic work on education, The Idea of a Univershy, faced similar problems in his time, and his work is valuable in addressing contemporary dilemmas. Newman's philosophy of mind and his vision of the unity of knowledge, which reflects an aesthetic dimension, and the resultant essential role of theology in education, are key elements for reimagining the university. An analysis of Newman's spirited Eighth Discourse anchors this retrospective and commends his work to higher education today by recalling an eariier ideal of the integration of all disciplines.

scholarly journals Active Forgetting: Adaptation of Memory by Prefrontal Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Anderson ◽  
Justin C. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
The Brain

Over the past century, psychologists have discussed whether forgetting might arise from active mechanisms that promote memory loss to achieve various functions, such as minimizing errors, facilitating learning, or regulating one's emotional state. The past decade has witnessed a great expansion in knowledge about the brain mechanisms underlying active forgetting in its varying forms. A core discovery concerns the role of the prefrontal cortex in exerting top-down control over mnemonic activity in the hippocampus and other brain structures, often via inhibitory control. New findings reveal that such processes not only induce forgetting of specific memories but also can suppress the operation of mnemonic processes more broadly, triggering windows of anterograde and retrograde amnesia in healthy people. Recent work extends active forgetting to nonhuman animals, presaging the development of a multilevel mechanistic account that spans the cognitive, systems, network, and even cellular levels. This work reveals how organisms adapt their memories to their cognitive and emotional goals and has implications for understanding vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.

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